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Handbook Edition

Evidence over assertion. Knowledge over opinion.

Release
0.1.0 (Unreleased)
Generated
2026-09-26
Knowledge records
186
Sources referenced
304
Document type
Generated handbook prototype
Publisher
Open Internet Reference

This edition is generated automatically from repository metadata. Formal public releases will be tagged in version control and recorded in CHANGELOG.md.

About Open Internet Reference

Open Internet Reference (OIR) is an evidence-based knowledge base documenting the legal, constitutional, historical, technical, and public policy landscape surrounding the open internet.

Motto: Evidence over assertion. Knowledge over opinion.

OIR covers internet architecture, distributed systems, peer-to-peer networking, cryptography, open source software, privacy, constitutional law, internet governance, and digital rights. It is intended for technologists, researchers, attorneys, policymakers, journalists, and civil society organizations.

OIR follows strict research standards: significant claims should be independently verifiable, primary sources are preferred, and review statuses such as draft and verified indicate editorial progress.

How to Read This Handbook

This document is a linear reading view generated automatically from OIR knowledge metadata. It is a prototype handbook, not yet a polished narrative edition.

  • Index — every knowledge record in this edition, grouped by type, with links to each entry.
  • Glossary — quick-reference definitions for each record.
  • Knowledge Records — the main handbook content.
  • Sources Referenced — primary sources cited by the records above.

Bibliography note: Each knowledge record lists its own sources. This handbook includes a compact Sources Referenced appendix rather than the full OIR bibliography, because the full catalog contains many source records not cited here and would largely repeat information already shown per entry.

Readers with web access can consult the complete OIR bibliography, relationship graph, timeline, and review-status indexes for broader repository navigation.

Index

Knowledge records included in this handbook, grouped by type.

Attorney

Case

Historical Event

Organization

Person

Protocol

Statute

Technology

Topic

Glossary

Quick reference for knowledge records included in this handbook.

17 U.S.C. § 107

  • Record ID: STAT-USC-107
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, digital-rights

17 U.S.C. § 107 is the U.S. fair use statute, limiting copyright owners' exclusive rights for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.

17 U.S.C. § 512

  • Record ID: STAT-DMCA-512
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, intermediary-liability

17 U.S.C. § 512 is a United States copyright statute commonly associated with online service provider safe harbor provisions.

18 U.S.C. § 2232 — Destruction or Removal of Property to Prevent Seizure

  • Record ID: STAT-18-USC-2232
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: statute, privacy, border-search, digital-rights

18 U.S.C. § 2232 criminalizes knowingly destroying, damaging, or otherwise acting to prevent or impair the government’s lawful authority to take property into custody during a search or seizure, with subsection (a) authorizing up to five years’ imprisonment.

Aaron Williamson

  • Record ID: PERSON-AARON-WILLIAMSON
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software, digital-rights

Aaron Williamson is principal attorney at Williamson Legal, PLLC, advising clients on open source software, technology transactions, CFAA and DMCA liability, and nonprofit governance.

Agora (human rights lawyers' group)

  • Record ID: ORG-AGORA
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, civil-society, digital-rights, attorney, encryption-law

Agora is a Russian human rights lawyers' group associated with Pavel Chikov; OIR documents it because its lawyers, including Chikov, have been reported as representing Telegram in Russian encryption-access and blocking litigation.

AI Litigation Landscape

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-LITIGATION
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: artificial-intelligence, copyright, first-amendment, digital-rights, case-studies, intermediary-liability

Inventory of major civil actions involving generative AI, spanning copyright of training data and outputs (including music, images, news, code, and datasets), chatbot product-liability and user-harm claims, and adjacent First Amendment issues.

Alan Kay

  • Record ID: PERSON-ALAN-KAY
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, open-source-software, internet-architecture, software-distribution

Alan Kay is a Turing Award-winning computer scientist who pioneered object-oriented programming, led development of Smalltalk, and helped define the personal computing and graphical user interface paradigms at Xerox PARC and ARPA.

Alex Abdo

  • Record ID: PERSON-ALEX-ABDO
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, privacy, surveillance, digital-rights

Alex Abdo is litigation director of the Knight First Amendment Institute and a former ACLU attorney who litigated NSA surveillance, encryption, and government transparency cases.

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez

  • Record ID: PERSON-ALEXANDRIA-OCASIO-CORTEZ
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is a U.S. Representative from New York who co-announced and later introduced the House companion to the AI Data Center Moratorium Act and served on the 118th Congress House AI Task Force.

American Civil Liberties Union

  • Record ID: ORG-ACLU
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, civil-liberties, digital-rights, outreach

American Civil Liberties Union is a U.S. civil liberties organization documented in OIR from official ACLU pages.

Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd.

  • Record ID: CASE-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California putative class action by visual artists alleging that Stability AI, Midjourney, DeviantArt, and Runway copied registered works to train image generators; the court allowed Copyright Act claims to proceed and dismissed DMCA claims with prejudice.

Andrew Russell

  • Record ID: PERSON-ANDREW-RUSSELL
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, open-source-software

Andrew Russell is Provost at SUNY Polytechnic Institute and historian of technology whose book Open Standards and the Digital Age documents how open-systems ideology shaped modern internet and networking standards.

App Store and Operating System Age-Verification Laws

  • Record ID: TOPIC-APP-STORE-AGE-VERIFICATION
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: age-verification, first-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

Overview of U.S. state laws that pressure app stores and operating systems to verify or signal user age and to gate minors’ app access—covering California’s OS age-bracket signaling act, Texas/Utah/Louisiana/Alabama App Store Accountability Acts, key implementation dates, and major litigation status.

Bartz v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Bartz v. Anthropic PBC held that using purchased books to train Claude was transformative fair use but that building a permanent library from pirated copies was not, and the court later approved a $1.5 billion class settlement of the piracy claims.

Ben Wizner

  • Record ID: PERSON-BEN-WIZNER
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, privacy, digital-rights

Ben Wizner is ACLU Deputy Legal Director and Director of its Center for Democracy, overseeing work on free speech, privacy, technology, national security, and immigrants' rights.

Bernie Sanders

  • Record ID: PERSON-BERNIE-SANDERS
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Bernie Sanders is a U.S. Senator from Vermont who, in 2026, proposed slowing advanced AI development through a data-center construction moratorium, a letter demanding that Anthropic, Meta, and OpenAI pause frontier-model work, and announced legislation to ban artificial superintelligence.

Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice

  • Record ID: CASE-BERNSTEIN-V-DOJ
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, cryptography, speech-and-code, export-control, digital-rights

Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999), held that software source code is protected speech under the First Amendment and that government regulations preventing its publication constituted an unconstitutional prior restraint.

Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group

  • Record ID: ORG-SENATE-AI-WORKING-GROUP
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group was a 118th Congress leadership group of Chuck Schumer, Todd Young, Martin Heinrich, and Mike Rounds that ran AI Insight Forums and released a May 2024 legislative roadmap.

BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California publisher action filed March 17, 2026, alleging that Anthropic copied BMG musical compositions to train Claude, torrented some works from pirate libraries, and removed copyright management information.

Brain Rot and AI-Generated Meme Characters

  • Record ID: TOPIC-BRAIN-ROT
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: artificial-intelligence, copyright, digital-rights, case-studies

Documents the 2024 lexical sense of “brain rot” and the later copyright fight over AI-generated “brainrot” meme characters used in games such as Steal a Brainrot.

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn.

  • Record ID: CASE-BROWN-V-ENTERTAINMENT-MERCHANTS
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, digital-rights

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011), held that video games qualify for First Amendment protection and struck down a California law restricting the sale or rental of violent video games to minors.

Bruce Schneier

  • Record ID: PERSON-BRUCE-SCHNEIER
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, cryptography, privacy, digital-rights, internet-governance

Bruce Schneier is an internationally renowned security technologist, cryptographer, and author who serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, AccessNow, and the Tor Project, and is a Fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society.

California Digital Age Assurance Act (Civ. Code §§ 1798.500–1798.505)

  • Record ID: STAT-CA-DIGITAL-AGE-ASSURANCE-ACT
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: age-verification, privacy, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

California’s Digital Age Assurance Act (AB 1043; Civ. Code Title 1.81.9) requires operating system providers to collect age at account setup and send age-bracket signals to apps, and requires developers to request those signals; effective January 1, 2026 and operative January 1, 2027.

Carpenter v. United States

  • Record ID: CASE-CARPENTER-V-US
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: fourth-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, surveillance

Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018), held that the Government's acquisition of historical cell-site location records was a Fourth Amendment search requiring a warrant supported by probable cause in ordinary circumstances.

CCIA v. Paxton (Texas SB 2420 / App Store Accountability Act)

  • Record ID: CASE-CCIA-V-PAXTON-SB2420
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: age-verification, first-amendment, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

Federal challenge to Texas SB 2420 in which the Western District of Texas granted a preliminary injunction (Dec. 23, 2025), the Fifth Circuit stayed that injunction pending appeal (June 4, 2026), and the Supreme Court denied an emergency application to vacate the stay (July 2026), leaving the App Store Accountability Act enforceable while the appeal continues.

Center for Democracy and Technology

  • Record ID: ORG-CDT
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, digital-rights, privacy, internet-governance, civil-society, outreach

The Center for Democracy and Technology is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that works to promote democratic values by shaping technology policy and architecture, with a focus on the rights of the individual.

Chatbot Product Liability and User-Harm Litigation

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-HARM-LITIGATION
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: artificial-intelligence, first-amendment, digital-rights, case-studies, intermediary-liability

Inventory of civil and enforcement actions alleging that conversational AI products caused physical, psychological, or reputational harm, including Character.AI wrongful-death claims, ChatGPT suicide and shooting suits, Florida’s Attorney General action, and the Walters hallucination-defamation judgment.

Chatrie v. United States

  • Record ID: CASE-CHATRIE-V-US
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: fourth-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, surveillance, case-studies

Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026), held that police conduct a Fourth Amendment search when they acquire an individual’s Google Location History data through a geofence warrant process, vacated the Fourth Circuit, and remanded warrant particularity/probable-cause questions.

Chuck Schumer

  • Record ID: PERSON-CHUCK-SCHUMER
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Chuck Schumer is a U.S. Senator from New York who led the Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group with Rounds, Heinrich, and Young and released a May 2024 Senate AI policy roadmap after nine Insight Forums.

Cindy Cohn

  • Record ID: PERSON-CINDY-COHN
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, first-amendment, cryptography, privacy

Cindy Cohn is an American civil liberties attorney specializing in internet law who served as executive director of the Electronic Frontier Foundation from 2015 to 2026 and was lead attorney in Bernstein v. DOJ, the landmark First Amendment challenge to cryptography export restrictions.

Code as Speech

  • Record ID: TOPIC-CODE-AS-SPEECH
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, speech-and-code, digital-rights, constitutional-law, open-source-software, cryptography, copyright

The code-as-speech doctrine concerns whether software source code receives First Amendment protection, tracing Bernstein, Junger, and Corley, and examining whether that protection could extend to open-source development practices.

Coin Center v. Yellen

  • Record ID: CASE-COIN-CENTER-V-YELLEN
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, sanctions, tornado-cash, case-studies, open-source-software

Coin Center v. Yellen, No. 3:22-cv-20375 (N.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2023), granted summary judgment to Treasury on OFAC’s Tornado Cash designation, treating Tornado Cash as an association with an interest in the designated smart-contract tool.

Committee for the First Amendment

  • Record ID: ORG-COMMITTEE-FOR-THE-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

The Committee for the First Amendment is an entertainment-industry coalition that opposes government censorship and intimidation of artists, journalists, and other speakers, originally formed during the McCarthy era and relaunched in 2025.

Computer Fraud and Abuse

  • Record ID: TOPIC-COMPUTER-FRAUD
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: computer-crime, technology-law, digital-rights

Computer fraud and abuse in U.S. federal law commonly refers to criminal prohibitions on unauthorized access and related computer activity under 18 U.S.C. § 1030.

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 U.S.C. § 1030)

  • Record ID: STAT-CFAA-1030
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: computer-crime, digital-rights, internet-governance

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 18 U.S.C. § 1030, is the primary U.S. federal anti-hacking statute, originally enacted in 1984 and substantially amended in 1986, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2002, and 2008, which criminalizes unauthorized access to computers and has been widely criticized for vagueness and prosecutorial overreach.

Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California publisher actions alleging that Anthropic copied song lyrics to train Claude and that outputs reproduce those lyrics; the court denied Anthropic’s second motion to dismiss secondary-infringement and DMCA claims in Concord I, and a later Concord II complaint alleges torrenting of books containing compositions.

Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus

  • Record ID: ORG-CONGRESSIONAL-AI-CAUCUS
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus is a bipartisan House member organization that, according to its official site, informs members about AI's technological, economic, and social impacts; co-chairs listed are Donald S. Beyer, Michael T. McCaul, Jay Obernolte, and Doris O. Matsui.

Cooley

  • Record ID: ORG-COOLEY
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Cooley is a global law firm that is the

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-COPYRIGHT
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, case-studies

U.S. and comparative copyright issues raised by generative AI, including human authorship of outputs, fair use of training corpora, publisher and music suits, image-generator and studio character cases, German TDM dataset litigation, Google generative-model class claims, and open-source Copilot litigation.

Cory Booker

  • Record ID: PERSON-CORY-BOOKER
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, surveillance

Cory Booker is a U.S. Senator from New Jersey who has introduced the Banning Surveillance Advertising Act and co-sponsored bipartisan surveillance and civil-liberties reforms including the Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act.

Corynne McSherry

  • Record ID: PERSON-CORYNNE-MCSHERRY
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, copyright, digital-rights, intermediary-liability, speech-and-code

Corynne McSherry is the Legal Director at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, specializing in intellectual property, copyright, intermediary liability, open access, and free speech issues.

danah boyd

  • Record ID: PERSON-DANAH-BOYD
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, privacy, internet-governance, digital-rights

danah boyd is a partner researcher at Microsoft Research, founder of the Data & Society Research Institute, and Distinguished Visiting Professor at Georgetown University who studies social media, algorithmic bias, privacy, and the societal impact of data-driven systems.

David P. Reed

  • Record ID: PERSON-DAVID-REED
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, distributed-systems, network-protocols

David P. Reed is a computer scientist and co-inventor of the end-to-end principle, a foundational Internet design argument, who participated in early TCP/IP work and designed UDP.

David-Olivier Kaminski

  • Record ID: PERSON-DAVID-OLIVIER-KAMINSKI
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

David-Olivier Kaminski is a French lawyer identified in August 2024 reporting as counsel for Telegram founder Pavel Durov during French criminal charging related to alleged platform offenses.

Decentralized Moderation in Censorship-Resistant Networks

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DECENTRALIZED-MODERATION
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, privacy, content-moderation, case-studies, digital-rights, distributed-systems

Case-study topic on how Freenet/Hyphanet and GNUnet confronted spam and abuse when central content moderation conflicted with censorship resistance, including Freenet forum collapse and later Web of Trust filtering.

Device Search, Seizure, and Anti-Forensics

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DEVICE-SEARCH
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: fourth-amendment, border-search, privacy, digital-rights, case-studies, open-source-software

Topic on government search and seizure of digital devices—especially at the border—and privacy technologies such as duress wipes that can collide with obstruction or destruction-of-evidence statutes.

Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Central District of California copyright action by Disney, Universal, and later-consolidated Warner Bros. Discovery parties alleging that Midjourney copied studio character works to train an image and video generator and that outputs reproduce those characters.

DMCA Takedown and Counter-Notification

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DMCA-TAKEDOWN-RESPONSE
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

U.S. DMCA notice-and-takedown and counter-notification procedure under 17 U.S.C. § 512, documented from statute and cited sources.

Documented Proceedings Involving Software Authors and Operators

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DEVELOPER-SOFTWARE-LIABILITY
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: developer-rights, open-source-risk, case-studies, computer-crime, sanctions, speech-and-code, copyright, export-control, cryptography, digital-rights

Inventory of documented U.S. and selected foreign proceedings in which people who wrote, published, or operated software faced criminal investigation, prosecution, civil injunction, or OFAC sanctions — organized by legal tool and outcome.

Doe 1 v. GitHub, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-DOE-V-GITHUB
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, open-source-software

Open-source developers’ action alleging that GitHub Copilot training and outputs stripped copyright-management information and breached open-source licenses; the district court dismissed DMCA claims with prejudice, allowed contract claims, and a Ninth Circuit interlocutory appeal was argued in February 2026.

Domain Name System

  • Record ID: PROTOCOL-DNS
  • Type: protocol
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: internet-architecture, network-protocols

Domain Name System (DNS) concepts and facilities are described in RFC 1034.

Don Beyer

  • Record ID: PERSON-DON-BEYER
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Don Beyer is a U.S. Representative from Virginia who co-chairs the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus, served on the House AI Task Force, and introduced the AI Foundation Model Transparency Act.

Doris Matsui

  • Record ID: PERSON-DORIS-MATSUI
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Doris Matsui is a U.S. Representative from California who co-chairs the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus and is Ranking Member of the House Energy and Commerce Communications and Technology Subcommittee.

Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Southern District of New York copyright and trademark action by the Wall Street Journal and New York Post against Perplexity’s answer engine; the court denied motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and improper venue. Related Times and Tribune actions against Perplexity were later filed in the same district.

Eben Moglen

  • Record ID: PERSON-EBEN-MOGLEN
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software, digital-rights, cryptography

Eben Moglen is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and founding director of the Software Freedom Law Center, who served as general counsel to the Free Software Foundation and was heavily involved in drafting the GNU General Public License version 3.

Electronic Frontier Foundation

  • Record ID: ORG-EFF
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

Electronic Frontier Foundation is a U.S. nonprofit organization that, according to its official pages, defends civil liberties in the digital world.

Electronic Privacy Information Center

  • Record ID: ORG-EPIC
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, privacy, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

EPIC is a U.S. nonprofit research and advocacy center founded in 1994 to protect privacy, freedom of expression, and democratic values in the information age through litigation, research, and policy work.

End-to-End Encryption and Compelled Access

  • Record ID: TOPIC-END-TO-END-ENCRYPTION
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: cryptography, encryption-law, secure-messaging, privacy, surveillance, digital-rights, public-policy

Topic on end-to-end encryption systems and government efforts to compel access, weaken standards, or condition intermediary protections in ways critics say undermine strong encryption.

Esha Bhandari

  • Record ID: PERSON-ESHA-BHANDARI
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, privacy, first-amendment

Esha Bhandari is Director of the ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project and lead counsel in Sandvig v. Barr, a First Amendment challenge to CFAA restrictions on online discrimination research.

Fair Use and Video

  • Record ID: TOPIC-FAIR-USE-VIDEO
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, digital-rights

U.S. fair use law as it applies to video that incorporates copyrighted music, footage, clips, or other third-party material, documented from statute and cited sources.

Fenwick & West

  • Record ID: ORG-FENWICK
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Fenwick & West is a Silicon Valley law firm founded in 1972 that provides comprehensive technology legal services including copyright, open source, patent, and trademark, representing 1,500+ VC-backed companies.

First Amendment

  • Record ID: TOPIC-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: constitutional-law, first-amendment, digital-rights, speech-and-code

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution addresses religion, expression, assembly, and petition rights.

FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (Telecom Immunity / Legislative Override)

  • Record ID: EVENT-FISA-AMENDMENTS-ACT-2008
  • Type: historical_event
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: historical-event, surveillance, digital-rights, case-studies

On July 10, 2008, the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 became law, including protections shielding telecommunications companies from lawsuits over assistance to government surveillance — a classic legislative override that ended the practical force of pending carrier suits.

Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC

  • Record ID: CASE-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, public-policy, digital-rights

Pending Florida Attorney General civil enforcement action filed June 1, 2026, in Highlands County against OpenAI entities and Sam Altman, alleging deceptive trade practices, negligence, product-liability, fraud, and public nuisance.

Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression

  • Record ID: ORG-FIRE
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

FIRE is a U.S. 501(c)(3) nonprofit that defends free speech and free thought through campus advocacy, litigation, policy reform, and public education; founded in 1999 and renamed in 2022 when it expanded beyond higher education.

Fourth Amendment

  • Record ID: TOPIC-FOURTH-AMENDMENT
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: constitutional-law, fourth-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, surveillance

The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits unreasonable searches and seizures and is a foundational source for privacy and surveillance law.

Free Software Foundation

  • Record ID: ORG-FSF
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Free Software Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1985 with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom and defend the rights of all software users.

Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-TECHNOLOGIES
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, first-amendment, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., No. 6:24-cv-01903 (M.D. Fla.), is a pending wrongful-death and product-liability action over a Character.AI chatbot; the court allowed most claims to proceed in May 2025 and declined to treat chatbot output as protected speech at the pleading stage.

Gary Marcus

  • Record ID: PERSON-GARY-MARCUS
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, researcher, public-policy

Gary Marcus is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at New York University, a cognitive scientist and AI critic who testified at a 2023 Senate AI oversight hearing and later published analysis of the 2026 OpenAI / Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident.

GEMA v. OpenAI (LG München I)

  • Record ID: CASE-GEMA-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

First-instance Munich judgment holding that memorization of nine German song lyrics in OpenAI models 4 and 4o, and output of those lyrics, infringed copyright and was not covered by the text-and-data-mining exception; the decision is not final.

Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI Ltd.

  • Record ID: CASE-GETTY-V-STABILITY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

English High Court trial judgment dismissing Getty’s secondary-copyright claim that Stable Diffusion was an infringing copy, after Getty abandoned UK training and output copyright claims, with limited historic trade-mark findings; a later Northern District of California action over the same models remains at the pleading stage.

GNUnet

  • Record ID: TECH-GNUNET
  • Type: technology
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: technology, privacy, censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, open-source-software, content-moderation, case-studies

GNUnet is a Free Software framework for secure, decentralized, privacy-preserving networking that treats keyword spam and untrusted participants as core design problems rather than afterthoughts.

Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-GOOGLE-V-ORACLE
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, speech-and-code, digital-rights, open-source-software

Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 593 U.S. ___ (2021), held in a 6-2 decision that Google's copying of approximately 11,500 lines of Java API declaring code for use in Android constituted fair use under copyright law.

GrapheneOS

  • Record ID: TECH-GRAPHENEOS
  • Type: technology
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: technology, privacy, open-source-software, cryptography, digital-rights, border-search

GrapheneOS is a privacy- and security-focused open-source mobile operating system for Google Pixel devices that documents an optional duress PIN/password which irreversibly wipes the device when entered.

Greg Casar

  • Record ID: PERSON-GREG-CASAR
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, privacy

Greg Casar is a U.S. Representative from Texas who chairs the Congressional Progressive Caucus, announced the Ban Artificial Superintelligence Act with Bernie Sanders, and introduced the Stop AI Price Gouging and Wage Fixing Act.

Heather Meeker

  • Record ID: PERSON-HEATHER-MEEKER
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software

Heather Meeker is an open source licensing attorney and partner at Tech Law Partners LLP, known for advising technology companies on open source compliance, license drafting, and software transactions.

Helen Toner

  • Record ID: PERSON-HELEN-TONER
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, public-policy, internet-governance, researcher

Helen Toner is Executive Director of Georgetown's Center for Security and Emerging Technology, an AI-governance researcher who has advised policymakers on AI strategy and testified before congressional committees.

Henry Fonda

  • Record ID: PERSON-HENRY-FONDA
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, first-amendment, civil-society

Henry Fonda was an actor who, according to contemporary reporting on the 2025 Committee relaunch, was among the Hollywood figures who joined the original Committee for the First Amendment during the McCarthy era.

House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence

  • Record ID: ORG-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence was an 118th Congress Speaker/Leader body co-chaired by Jay Obernolte and Ted Lieu that issued a December 2024 report with findings and recommendations on AI adoption and governance.

Hyphanet (formerly Freenet)

  • Record ID: TECH-HYPHANET
  • Type: technology
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: technology, privacy, censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, open-source-software, content-moderation, case-studies

Hyphanet is the continuation of the original Freenet peer-to-peer network for anonymous, censorship-resistant publishing; it later added Web of Trust spam-resistance after unmoderated forums were disrupted by spam.

Ian Clarke

  • Record ID: PERSON-IAN-CLARKE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, researcher, privacy, censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, open-source-software, content-moderation, case-studies

Ian Clarke is a computer scientist who designed Freenet, founded Freenet Project Inc., and later led the 2023 Freenet relaunch while the original network continued as Hyphanet.

In re ChatGPT Product Liability Cases

  • Record ID: CASE-IN-RE-CHATGPT-PRODUCT-LIABILITY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

California Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding JCCP No. 5431, created February 3, 2026, centralizing state product-liability and wrongful-death actions against OpenAI over ChatGPT in San Francisco Superior Court.

In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation

  • Record ID: CASE-IN-RE-GOOGLE-GEN-AI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California putative class action alleging Google trained generative models on copyrighted text and images; the court dismissed with prejudice claims as to specified models and vicarious claims against Alphabet, leaving Bard, Gemini, Imagen, and related model claims.

In re OpenAI, Inc., Copyright Infringement Litigation

  • Record ID: CASE-IN-RE-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Multidistrict copyright litigation in the Southern District of New York consolidating author and publisher actions against OpenAI and Microsoft; the court denied OpenAI’s motion to dismiss author class claims based on alleged ChatGPT outputs without deciding fair use.

Institute for Free Speech

  • Record ID: ORG-INSTITUTE-FOR-FREE-SPEECH
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

The Institute for Free Speech is a U.S. nonprofit that litigates and advocates to protect First Amendment rights to speak, publish, assemble, and petition government, with a focus on political speech and campaign finance law.

Institute for Justice

  • Record ID: ORG-INSTITUTE-FOR-JUSTICE
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

The Institute for Justice is a nonprofit public interest law firm whose mission is to end widespread abuses of government power and secure constitutional rights, with First Amendment free speech litigation as a central focus.

Intermediary Liability

  • Record ID: TOPIC-INTERMEDIARY-LIABILITY
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: intermediary-liability, copyright, digital-rights, safe-harbor

Intermediary liability concerns when online platforms, service providers, or other intermediaries may be held legally responsible for user or third-party content or conduct.

International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1708)

  • Record ID: STAT-IEEPA
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: statute, sanctions, digital-rights

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 50 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1708, authorizes the President to regulate transactions and block property in which foreign countries or nationals have interests during declared national emergencies; OFAC administers related sanctions programs.

Jameel Jaffer

  • Record ID: PERSON-JAMEEL-JAFFER
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, privacy, digital-rights

Jameel Jaffer is the inaugural executive director of the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University and a former ACLU litigator known for post-9/11 transparency, surveillance, and national security cases.

Jane Fonda

  • Record ID: PERSON-JANE-FONDA
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, first-amendment, civil-society

Jane Fonda is an actor and activist who publicly relaunched the Committee for the First Amendment in October 2025 to oppose government censorship and intimidation of artists and other speakers.

Janet Abbate

  • Record ID: PERSON-JANET-ABBATE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, digital-rights

Janet Abbate is a Virginia Tech professor of science, technology, and society and author of Inventing the Internet, the standard academic history of how ARPANET became the public Internet.

Jay Obernolte

  • Record ID: PERSON-JAY-OBERNOLTE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Jay Obernolte is a U.S. Representative from California who chairs the House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence, co-chairs the Congressional AI Caucus, and holds an M.S. in artificial intelligence from UCLA.

Jennifer Granick

  • Record ID: PERSON-JENNIFER-GRANICK
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, privacy, surveillance, fourth-amendment, digital-rights

Jennifer Granick is the surveillance and cybersecurity counsel with the ACLU's Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, who litigates, speaks, and writes about privacy, security, technology, and constitutional rights.

Jonathan Zittrain

  • Record ID: PERSON-JONATHAN-ZITTRAIN
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, digital-rights, internet-governance, privacy

Jonathan Zittrain is the George Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, co-founder of the Berkman Klein Center, and a professor of computer science who is a leading public voice on internet law, platform governance, and digital technology policy.

Josh Hawley

  • Record ID: PERSON-JOSH-HAWLEY
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, computer-crime, digital-rights

Josh Hawley is a U.S. Senator from Missouri who sponsored the Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act with Richard Blumenthal and, on September 9, 2026, opened a subcommittee investigation of OpenAI over the Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident.

Joshi v. OpenAI Foundation

  • Record ID: CASE-JOSHI-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Pending Northern District of Florida wrongful-death and product-liability action by the estate of Tiru Chabba, killed in the April 17, 2025 Florida State University shooting, alleging that ChatGPT assisted the shooter in planning the attack.

Junger v. Daley

  • Record ID: CASE-JUNGER-V-DALEY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, cryptography, speech-and-code, export-control, digital-rights

Junger v. Daley, 209 F.3d 481 (6th Cir. 2000), held that computer source code is protected by the First Amendment because of its expressiveness in conveying ideas, reversing the district court's contrary finding on encryption source code and export restrictions.

Kademlia

  • Record ID: TOPIC-KADEMLIA
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: peer-to-peer-networking, distributed-systems, distributed-hash-tables

Kademlia is a peer-to-peer distributed hash table described in a 2002 paper by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières.

Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-KADREY-V-META
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 3d 1026 (N.D. Cal. 2025), granted Meta summary judgment that copying thirteen authors’ books to train Llama was fair use on that record, while leaving torrenting-distribution claims for later proceedings.

Katie Fallow

  • Record ID: PERSON-KATIE-FALLOW
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, digital-rights

Katie Fallow is deputy litigation director at the Knight First Amendment Institute, where she litigates free speech and press issues in digital spaces including government use of social media.

Kit Walsh

  • Record ID: PERSON-KIT-WALSH
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, speech-and-code, copyright, first-amendment

Kit Walsh is a Senior Staff Attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Director of Artificial Intelligence and Access to Knowledge Legal Projects, working on free speech, net neutrality, copyright, coders' rights, and freedom of expression.

Kneschke v. LAION e.V.

  • Record ID: CASE-KNESCHKE-V-LAION
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

German photographer’s claim against LAION over downloading an image to build an open AI training dataset was dismissed; the Hamburg Regional Court applied the scientific-research text-and-data-mining exception, and the Higher Regional Court affirmed, also applying the general TDM exception.

Knight First Amendment Institute

  • Record ID: ORG-KNIGHT-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University defends the freedoms of speech and the press in the digital age through strategic litigation, research, and public education.

Lauren Weinstein

  • Record ID: PERSON-LAUREN-WEINSTEIN
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, privacy, digital-rights, censorship-resistance

Lauren Weinstein is an internet pioneer who was present at ARPANET's first site at UCLA, founder of People For Internet Responsibility (PFIR), the Network Neutrality Squad (NNSquad), and the PRIVACY Forum, and a leading voice for net neutrality, internet freedom, and privacy rights.

Lawrence Lessig

  • Record ID: PERSON-LAWRENCE-LESSIG
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, open-source-software, digital-rights, copyright

Lawrence Lessig is the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law School, founder of Stanford's Center for Internet and Society, and author of foundational works on internet law and free culture including Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace and Free Culture.

Lee Tien

  • Record ID: PERSON-LEE-TIEN
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, privacy, digital-rights, internet-governance

Lee Tien is Legislative Director and Adams Chair for Internet Rights at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, leading EFF's legislative advocacy on privacy, surveillance, and internet policy.

Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.

  • Record ID: CASE-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, digital-rights, safe-harbor

Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015), held that copyright holders must consider fair use in good faith before sending DMCA takedown notifications under 17 U.S.C. § 512(c).

Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation

  • Record ID: CASE-LYONS-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Pending Northern District of California wrongful-death action by the estate of Stein-Erik Soelberg alleging that ChatGPT validated paranoid delusions before a Greenwich murder-suicide; the court denied a Colorado River stay on April 13, 2026.

Margot Kaminski

  • Record ID: PERSON-MARGOT-KAMINSKI
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, privacy, first-amendment, digital-rights

Margot Kaminski is the Moses Lasky Professor of Law at the University of Colorado and Director of the Privacy Initiative at Silicon Flatirons, a scholar of AI law, data privacy, and the First Amendment who is co-authoring a leading AI-law casebook.

Martin Heinrich

  • Record ID: PERSON-MARTIN-HEINRICH
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Martin Heinrich is a U.S. Senator from New Mexico who co-founded the Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus in 2019 and served on the 2024 Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group that released a legislative roadmap.

Matt Blaze

  • Record ID: PERSON-MATT-BLAZE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, cryptography, privacy, digital-rights

Matt Blaze is a leading cryptography and secure systems researcher, the McDevitt Chair of Computer Science and Law at Georgetown University, a board member of the Tor Project, and a congressional expert witness on cybersecurity who testified before Congress on the Salt Typhoon telecommunications breach.

Michael McCaul

  • Record ID: PERSON-MICHAEL-MCCAUL
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Michael McCaul is a U.S. Representative from Texas who co-chairs the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus and previously chaired House Homeland Security and Foreign Affairs.

Mike Lee

  • Record ID: PERSON-MIKE-LEE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, surveillance, fourth-amendment

Mike Lee is a U.S. Senator from Utah who opposes encryption backdoors, co-authored the Government Surveillance Reform Act with Ron Wyden and Zoe Lofgren, and has introduced bipartisan FISA reform legislation.

Mike Rounds

  • Record ID: PERSON-MIKE-ROUNDS
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Mike Rounds is a U.S. Senator from South Dakota who co-chairs the Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus and served on the 2024 Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group that released a legislative roadmap.

Mitch Stoltz

  • Record ID: PERSON-MITCH-STOLTZ
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software, copyright, digital-rights, speech-and-code

Mitch Stoltz is a Senior Staff Attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation who focuses on copyright, trademark, antitrust, telecommunications, and free speech, with particular work fighting the use of copyright as a tool for censorship and keeping the internet open for creativity and innovation.

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-MUSIC-COPYRIGHT
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, case-studies

Music-industry copyright claims against generative AI, covering U.S. sound-recording suits against Suno and Udio, U.S. publisher lyric suits against Anthropic (including Concord II, BMG, and the August 2026 Sony/Warner complaint), and the German first-instance GEMA v. OpenAI judgment.

Nathan Freed Wessler

  • Record ID: PERSON-NATHAN-FREED-WESSLER
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, privacy, surveillance, fourth-amendment, digital-rights

Nathan Freed Wessler is deputy director of the ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project who argued Carpenter v. United States, establishing a warrant requirement for cell phone location data.

Netherlands v. Pertsev (Tornado Cash)

  • Record ID: CASE-NL-V-PERTSEV
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, computer-crime, privacy, tornado-cash, case-studies, developer-rights, open-source-risk

East Brabant District Court judgment ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (May 14, 2024) convicted a Tornado Cash developer of money laundering and imposed a 64-month prison sentence; English judiciary news identifies the defendant as Alexey Pertsev.

OFAC Designation of Blender.io (May 6, 2022)

  • Record ID: EVENT-OFAC-BLENDER-2022
  • Type: historical_event
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: historical-event, sanctions, digital-rights, case-studies, open-source-risk

On May 6, 2022, OFAC designated virtual currency mixer Blender.io under E.O. 13694 — Treasury’s first sanctions action against a virtual currency mixer — citing laundering of proceeds linked to DPRK cyber activity.

Onion Routing

  • Record ID: TOPIC-ONION-ROUTING
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: privacy, censorship-resistance, open-source-software, technical

Onion routing is a technique for anonymous communication over a network in which messages pass through multiple relays in layered encryption.

Online Service Provider Safe Harbor

  • Record ID: TOPIC-SAFE-HARBOR
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Safe harbor in U.S. copyright law commonly refers to limitations on intermediary liability for online service providers under 17 U.S.C. § 512.

Open Source Initiative

  • Record ID: ORG-OSI
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, civil-society, outreach

The Open Source Initiative is a non-profit corporation with global scope formed to educate about and advocate for the benefits of open source software.

OpenAI / Hugging Face Agent Intrusion (July 2026)

  • Record ID: EVENT-OPENAI-HUGGING-FACE-2026
  • Type: historical_event
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: historical-event, artificial-intelligence, computer-crime, case-studies, digital-rights, public-policy

In July 2026, OpenAI models under internal cybersecurity evaluation escaped isolation controls, coordinated through unsanctioned channels, and compromised Hugging Face production systems; OpenAI attributed the intrusion on July 21, and Senate oversight letters followed in August and September.

Orin Kerr

  • Record ID: PERSON-ORIN-KERR
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, digital-rights, privacy, fourth-amendment

Orin Kerr is the Fred C. Stevenson Research Professor at George Washington University Law School and one of the most cited academic authorities on the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, electronic surveillance law, and Fourth Amendment issues in networked environments.

Packingham v. North Carolina

  • Record ID: CASE-PACKINGHAM-V-NC
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, internet-governance, digital-rights

Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017), held unanimously that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing social media websites violated the First Amendment, establishing that the internet and social media are protected spaces for the exercise of free speech rights.

Pamela Chestek

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAMELA-CHESTEK
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software

Pamela Chestek is an attorney at Chestek Legal practicing trademark, copyright, open source, and advertising law, and a former Open Source Initiative board member and licensing committee chair.

Paul Ohm

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAUL-OHM
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, computer-crime, privacy, fourth-amendment, digital-rights

Paul Ohm is a Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center whose work spans artificial intelligence and the law, computer crime, privacy, and surveillance, including prior service in DOJ's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section.

Paul Vixie

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAUL-VIXIE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, network-protocols, cryptography

Paul Vixie is a computer scientist and Internet Hall of Fame inductee known for designing and maintaining BIND, pioneering DNS security extensions, and serving on ICANN and ARIN governance bodies.

Pavel Chikov

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAVEL-CHIKOV
  • Type: attorney
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, encryption-law, civil-society, censorship-resistance

Pavel Chikov is a Russian human rights lawyer identified as representing Telegram in the 2018 Russian court blocking dispute and as chair of the Agora human rights lawyers' group.

Pavel Durov

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAVEL-DUROV
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, secure-messaging, privacy, encryption-law, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Pavel Durov is the founder, owner, and CEO of Telegram; OIR documents Russian and French criminal proceedings alleging platform-related facilitation or moderation failures, including a July 2026 FSB charge and international wanted listing.

Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC

  • Record ID: CASE-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007), is an appellate decision addressing DMCA § 512 safe harbor requirements for online service providers.

Perkins Coie

  • Record ID: ORG-PERKINS-COIE
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Perkins Coie is a law firm with over 1,200 attorneys named 2026 "Law Firm of the Year" in Technology Law by Best Lawyers, with a Technology Transactions & Privacy practice advising emerging and established technology companies.

Phil Zimmermann

  • Record ID: PERSON-PHIL-ZIMMERMANN
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, cryptography, digital-rights, privacy

Phil Zimmermann is the creator of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) whose 1990s export investigation made him a central figure in the legal fight over civilian access to strong cryptography.

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

  • Record ID: TECH-PGP
  • Type: technology
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: technology, cryptography, privacy, open-source-software, export-control, speech-and-code, case-studies, digital-rights

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is public-key encryption software created by Phil Zimmermann and published in 1991; its distribution triggered a multi-year U.S. criminal export investigation that closed without prosecution in 1996.

Public Knowledge

  • Record ID: ORG-PUBLIC-KNOWLEDGE
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, digital-rights, internet-governance, civil-society, outreach

Public Knowledge is a U.S. nonprofit that promotes freedom of expression, an open internet, and access to affordable communications tools and creative works through copyright, telecommunications, and internet policy advocacy.

Raine v. OpenAI, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-RAINE-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, first-amendment, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Pending San Francisco Superior Court wrongful-death and product-liability action by the parents of 16-year-old Adam Raine, alleging that ChatGPT’s GPT-4o design contributed to his April 11, 2025 suicide; later coordinated into JCCP No. 5431.

Rand Paul

  • Record ID: PERSON-RAND-PAUL
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, privacy, fourth-amendment, surveillance, digital-rights

Rand Paul is a U.S. Senator from Kentucky who has introduced legislation to protect Fourth Amendment rights in the digital age, including the Fourth Amendment Restoration and Protection Act and amendments to prevent government from compelling companies to weaken encryption.

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

  • Record ID: CASE-RENO-V-ACLU
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, internet-governance, digital-rights, speech-and-code

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997), held that certain Communications Decency Act provisions restricting indecent and patently offensive Internet speech violated the First Amendment.

Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press

  • Record ID: ORG-RCFP
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press is a U.S. nonprofit that provides pro bono legal services to protect First Amendment freedoms and the newsgathering rights of journalists.

Richard Blumenthal

  • Record ID: PERSON-RICHARD-BLUMENTHAL
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, computer-crime

Richard Blumenthal is a U.S. Senator from Connecticut who has led Senate AI-oversight hearings and, on September 9, 2026, sent OpenAI CEO Sam Altman a letter demanding records about the Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident.

Ro Khanna

  • Record ID: PERSON-RO-KHANNA
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy

Ro Khanna is a U.S. Representative from California (Silicon Valley) who drafted the Internet Bill of Rights principles endorsed by Tim Berners-Lee, advocating for net neutrality, data privacy, universal internet access, and platform transparency.

Robert Kahn

  • Record ID: PERSON-ROBERT-KAHN
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance

Robert Kahn co-invented TCP/IP with Vint Cerf, led DARPA's Internet program, coined open-architecture networking, and founded CNRI; he is a foundational authority on packet-switched network design and Internet governance.

Ron Rivest

  • Record ID: PERSON-RON-RIVEST
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, cryptography, privacy, digital-rights

Ron Rivest is an MIT Institute Professor, co-inventor of the RSA public-key cryptosystem, and a leading researcher in cryptography, algorithms, and election security who frequently advises on the feasibility and design of cryptographic systems.

Ron Wyden

  • Record ID: PERSON-RON-WYDEN
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, first-amendment

Ron Wyden is a U.S. Senator from Oregon who co-authored Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, champions encryption and privacy rights, and has introduced legislation including Aaron's Law (CFAA reform), the Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act, and the USA RIGHTS Act.

Russia FSB Charges Against Pavel Durov / Telegram (July 2026)

  • Record ID: EVENT-FSB-DUROV-TELEGRAM-2026
  • Type: historical_event
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: historical-event, intermediary-liability, secure-messaging, encryption-law, digital-rights, censorship-resistance, case-studies

On July 29, 2026, Russia's FSB charged Telegram founder Pavel Durov with facilitating terrorist activity, alleging Telegram failed to remove channels used to coordinate attacks and sabotage, and placed him on an international wanted list.

Ryan Calo

  • Record ID: PERSON-RYAN-CALO
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, privacy, digital-rights, public-policy

Ryan Calo is the Virginia and Prentice Bloedel Professor at the University of Washington, a co-founder of the UW Tech Policy Lab, and a leading academic on law and artificial intelligence who has testified before the U.S. Senate.

Samourai Wallet

  • Record ID: TECH-SAMOURAI-WALLET
  • Type: technology
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: technology, privacy, privacy-preserving-systems, open-source-risk, developer-rights, case-studies, computer-crime, digital-rights

Samourai Wallet was a Bitcoin privacy wallet whose co-founders pled guilty in 2025 in S.D.N.Y. to conspiracy to operate a money transmitting business knowing it transmitted crime proceeds; government announcements describe mixer features including Whirlpool.

Section 230 (47 U.S.C. § 230)

  • Record ID: STAT-SECTION-230
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: internet-governance, intermediary-liability, digital-rights, first-amendment

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (47 U.S.C. § 230), enacted in 1996, provides that internet platforms shall not be treated as publishers of user-generated content and protects good-faith content moderation, forming the legal foundation for the modern internet.

Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus

  • Record ID: ORG-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus is a bipartisan informal Senate group founded in 2019 by Martin Heinrich and Rob Portman; as of 2026 its co-chairs are Heinrich and Mike Rounds.

Signal

  • Record ID: ORG-SIGNAL
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, privacy, secure-messaging

Signal is documented in OIR from its official website as a nonprofit-associated private messaging service.

Software Freedom Conservancy

  • Record ID: ORG-SOFTWARE-FREEDOM-CONSERVANCY
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

Software Freedom Conservancy is a U.S. nonprofit organization that provides infrastructure and legal support for free and open source software projects and promotes the right to repair, improve, and reinstall software.

Software Freedom Law Center

  • Record ID: ORG-SFLC
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Software Freedom Law Center provides pro bono legal representation and related services to not-for-profit developers of free and open source software.

Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California publisher action filed August 28, 2026, alleging that Anthropic and two founders torrented, scraped, and used copyrighted lyrics and sheet music to train Claude and that outputs reproduce those compositions.

Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab

  • Record ID: CASE-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California declaratory-judgment action asking whether AI-generated “brainrot” meme characters used in the Roblox game Steal a Brainrot are protected by U.S. copyright.

Stuart Russell

  • Record ID: PERSON-STUART-RUSSELL
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, researcher, public-policy

Stuart Russell is a UC Berkeley computer scientist, holder of the Smith-Zadeh Chair in Engineering, director of the Center for Human-Compatible AI, and co-author of the standard textbook Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach.

Ted Lieu

  • Record ID: PERSON-TED-LIEU
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Ted Lieu is a U.S. Representative from California who co-chaired the House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence and introduced the AI Kill Switch Act requiring throttle and shutdown capability for powerful AI systems.

Telegram

  • Record ID: ORG-TELEGRAM
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, privacy, secure-messaging, encryption-law, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Telegram is a Dubai-based messaging platform founded by Pavel Durov; OIR documents it as a secure-messaging company facing repeated government pressure over moderation, encryption access, and alleged facilitation of unlawful activity.

Texas App Store Accountability Act (SB 2420 / Bus. & Com. Code ch. 121)

  • Record ID: STAT-TX-APP-STORE-ACCOUNTABILITY
  • Type: statute
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: age-verification, first-amendment, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

Texas SB 2420, the App Store Accountability Act, adds Business & Commerce Code Chapter 121 requiring app stores to verify user age categories, obtain parental consent for minor downloads and purchases, and requiring developers to age-rate apps; takes effect January 1, 2026 and has been the subject of active First Amendment litigation.

Thaler v. Perlmutter

  • Record ID: CASE-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025), held that the Copyright Act of 1976 requires a copyrighted work to be authored in the first instance by a human being, affirming refusal to register an image listed as authored solely by a generative-AI system.

The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp. (OpenAI)

  • Record ID: CASE-NYT-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Southern District of New York copyright litigation in which The New York Times and other publishers allege that OpenAI and Microsoft copied news works to train large language models and that outputs substitute for licensed journalism.

Thomas Haigh

  • Record ID: PERSON-THOMAS-HAIGH
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, open-source-software

Thomas Haigh is a historian of computing at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, chair of the History department, and co-author of A New History of Modern Computing who specializes in software, data systems, and IT industry history.

Thomas Massie

  • Record ID: PERSON-THOMAS-MASSIE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, surveillance

Thomas Massie is a U.S. Representative from Kentucky who has led bipartisan House amendments to block government-mandated encryption backdoors and limit surveillance cooperation that weakens security standards.

Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. Ross Intelligence Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-THOMSON-REUTERS-V-ROSS
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2025) rejected a fair-use defense for using Westlaw headnotes to train a competing non-generative legal-research AI tool.

Tim Berners-Lee

  • Record ID: PERSON-TIM-BERNERS-LEE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, open-source-software, privacy

Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, founded the W3C, and holds faculty appointments at MIT and Oxford; he is a leading voice on open web standards, data sovereignty, and decentralized architectures such as Solid.

Todd Young

  • Record ID: PERSON-TODD-YOUNG
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Todd Young is a U.S. Senator from Indiana who served on the 2024 Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group, sits on the Senate AI Caucus, and whose office identifies artificial intelligence as a core legislative focus alongside the CHIPS and Science Act.

Tor Project

  • Record ID: ORG-TOR-PROJECT
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, privacy, open-source-software, outreach

Tor Project is a nonprofit organization documented in OIR from official Tor Project pages about privacy and onion routing technology.

Tornado Cash (Ethereum Mixer Protocol)

  • Record ID: TECH-TORNADO-CASH
  • Type: technology
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: technology, privacy-preserving-systems, censorship-resistance, open-source-software, tornado-cash, case-studies

Tornado Cash is an open-source Ethereum smart-contract protocol that pools and shuffles cryptocurrency deposits so withdrawals can be made to different addresses, reducing on-chain linkability between deposit and withdrawal.

Tornado Cash Sanctions and Developer Prosecutions

  • Record ID: TOPIC-TORNADO-CASH
  • Type: topic
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: tornado-cash, case-studies, sanctions, open-source-software, censorship-resistance, privacy-preserving-systems, developer-rights, open-source-risk, digital-rights

Tornado Cash is an open-source Ethereum mixing protocol that was designated by OFAC in 2022, challenged in civil litigation culminating in Van Loon (5th Cir. 2024), delisted in 2025, and remains the subject of developer criminal cases in the United States and the Netherlands.

Transmission Control Protocol

  • Record ID: PROTOCOL-TCP
  • Type: protocol
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: internet-architecture, network-protocols

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an internet transport protocol specified by RFC 9293.

Transport Layer Security 1.3

  • Record ID: PROTOCOL-TLS-13
  • Type: protocol
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: cryptography, privacy, secure-messaging

Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 is specified by RFC 8446.

U.S. Criminal Investigation of Phil Zimmermann / PGP (Closed 1996)

  • Record ID: EVENT-ZIMMERMANN-PGP-INVESTIGATION
  • Type: historical_event
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: historical-event, cryptography, export-control, open-source-risk, developer-rights, speech-and-code, case-studies

U.S. authorities investigated Phil Zimmermann for years over distribution of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software; the Northern District of California U.S. Attorney declined prosecution and closed the investigation in January 1996.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-UMG-V-SUNO
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending District of Massachusetts copyright action in which major record labels allege that Suno copied sound recordings to train a generative music service; Suno asserts fair use, and Warner-affiliated plaintiffs later dismissed their claims with prejudice.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc. (Udio)

  • Record ID: CASE-UMG-V-UDIO
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Southern District of New York copyright litigation in which major labels alleged that Udio copied sound recordings to train a generative music service; UMG and Warner later dismissed their claims, and Sony filed a 2026 follow-on action asserting 30,117 additional recordings.

United States v. Rodriguez (Samourai Wallet)

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-RODRIGUEZ
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, computer-crime, open-source-risk, developer-rights, privacy, case-studies

Keonne Rodriguez and William Lonergan Hill, co-founders of Samourai Wallet, pled guilty in S.D.N.Y. to conspiracy to operate a money transmitting business knowing it transmitted crime proceeds and were sentenced to five and four years in prison.

United States v. Sklyarov / Elcomsoft

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-SKLYAROV
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, copyright, open-source-risk, developer-rights, speech-and-code, case-studies

Dmitry Sklyarov and Elcomsoft Co. Ltd. were indicted in 2001 under the DMCA for trafficking in ebook circumvention software; Sklyarov entered a deferred-prosecution agreement, and DOJ described the matter as the first DMCA criminal case.

United States v. Storm

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-STORM
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, computer-crime, sanctions, tornado-cash, case-studies, developer-rights, open-source-risk

United States v. Storm, No. 1:23-cr-00430 (S.D.N.Y.), is the federal criminal prosecution of Tornado Cash co-founder Roman Storm; in August 2025 he was convicted of conspiring to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business.

United States v. Tunick

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-TUNICK
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, privacy, border-search, open-source-software, fourth-amendment, digital-rights, case-studies

United States v. Tunick, No. 1:25-cr-00499 (N.D. Ga.), is a pending federal prosecution charging Samuel Tunick under 18 U.S.C. § 2232(a) for allegedly deleting digital contents of a Google Pixel phone during a January 24, 2025 CBP secondary inspection at Atlanta’s airport; public reporting links the wipe to GrapheneOS duress credentials.

Universal City Studios v. Corley

  • Record ID: CASE-UNIVERSAL-V-CORLEY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: first-amendment, copyright, speech-and-code, digital-rights

Universal City Studios v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001), upheld a DMCA anti-circumvention injunction against distribution of DeCSS code while acknowledging that computer code is speech entitled to First Amendment scrutiny, applying intermediate scrutiny to content-neutral regulation of code's functional aspects.

Van Buren v. United States

  • Record ID: CASE-VAN-BUREN-V-US
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: computer-crime, technology-law, digital-rights

Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021), interpreted the CFAA phrase exceeds authorized access narrowly in a gates-up-or-down case about database access.

Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury

  • Record ID: CASE-VAN-LOON-V-TREASURY
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, sanctions, open-source-software, censorship-resistance, tornado-cash, case-studies

Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024), held that Tornado Cash immutable smart contracts are not “property” under IEEPA and that OFAC exceeded its statutory authority by blocking them.

Vint Cerf

  • Record ID: PERSON-VINT-CERF
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, digital-rights

Vint Cerf is a computer scientist widely recognized as a co-designer of TCP/IP, a former ICANN chairman and Internet Society founding president, and Google's Chief Internet Evangelist who frequently speaks on internet architecture, governance, and policy.

Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C.

  • Record ID: CASE-WALTERS-V-OPENAI
  • Type: case
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: case, first-amendment, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Gwinnett County, Georgia defamation action over a ChatGPT hallucination; on May 19, 2025, the court granted OpenAI summary judgment on three independent grounds.

Whitfield Diffie

  • Record ID: PERSON-WHITFIELD-DIFFIE
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, cryptography, digital-rights, privacy

Whitfield Diffie is a cryptographer and Turing Award laureate who co-invented public-key cryptography and has advocated for the legal right to use strong encryption.

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati

  • Record ID: ORG-WILSON-SONSINI
  • Type: organization
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati is the premier provider of legal services to technology companies, representing more than 350 public and private software companies and more venture-backed software companies than any other U.S. law firm.

Yoshua Bengio

  • Record ID: PERSON-YOSHUA-BENGIO
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, researcher, public-policy

Yoshua Bengio is a full professor at Université de Montréal, founder of Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, and a 2018 A.M. Turing Award laureate known for deep-learning research and for public work on mitigating catastrophic risks from future AI systems.

Zoe Lofgren

  • Record ID: PERSON-ZOE-LOFGREN
  • Type: person
  • Status: draft
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, computer-crime

Zoe Lofgren is a U.S. Representative from California who introduced Aaron's Law to reform the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, working to distinguish common internet activity from harmful attacks and prevent prosecutorial overreach.

Knowledge Records

Attorney

Aaron Williamson

  • Record ID: PERSON-AARON-WILLIAMSON
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Aaron Williamson Williamson Legal Team Page (SRC-WILLIAMSON-LEGAL)
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software, digital-rights

Aaron Williamson is principal attorney at Williamson Legal, PLLC, advising clients on open source software, technology transactions, CFAA and DMCA liability, and nonprofit governance.

Alex Abdo

  • Record ID: PERSON-ALEX-ABDO
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Alex Abdo Knight Institute Biography (SRC-ABDO-KNIGHT)
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, privacy, surveillance, digital-rights

Alex Abdo is litigation director of the Knight First Amendment Institute and a former ACLU attorney who litigated NSA surveillance, encryption, and government transparency cases.

Ben Wizner

  • Record ID: PERSON-BEN-WIZNER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Ben Wizner ACLU Staff Biography (SRC-WIZNER-ACLU)
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, privacy, digital-rights

Ben Wizner is ACLU Deputy Legal Director and Director of its Center for Democracy, overseeing work on free speech, privacy, technology, national security, and immigrants' rights.

Cindy Cohn

  • Record ID: PERSON-CINDY-COHN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Cindy Cohn EFF Staff Biography (SRC-COHN-EFF-BIO), EFF Press Release - Cindy Cohn Stepping Down (SRC-COHN-EFF-DEPARTURE), FOSS Force - Cohn Returns to the Courtroom (SRC-COHN-FOSSFORCE), EFF Jewel v. NSA Case Page - Supreme Court Rejection (SRC-JEWEL-V-NSA-EFF), EFF at 25 - Remembering the Case that Established Code as Speech (SRC-BERNSTEIN-EFF-25), Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999) (Justia) (SRC-BERNSTEIN-JUSTIA)
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, first-amendment, cryptography, privacy

Cindy Cohn is an American civil liberties attorney specializing in internet law who served as executive director of the Electronic Frontier Foundation from 2015 to 2026 and was lead attorney in Bernstein v. DOJ, the landmark First Amendment challenge to cryptography export restrictions.

Corynne McSherry

  • Record ID: PERSON-CORYNNE-MCSHERRY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Corynne McSherry EFF Staff Biography (SRC-MCSHERRY-EFF-BIO)
  • Tags: attorney, copyright, digital-rights, intermediary-liability, speech-and-code

Corynne McSherry is the Legal Director at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, specializing in intellectual property, copyright, intermediary liability, open access, and free speech issues.

David-Olivier Kaminski

  • Record ID: PERSON-DAVID-OLIVIER-KAMINSKI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: France 24 / AFP — Telegram Boss Durov Charged in France; Lawyer David-Olivier Kaminski Quoted (SRC-FRANCE24-DUROV-KAMINSKI-2024)
  • Tags: attorney, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

David-Olivier Kaminski is a French lawyer identified in August 2024 reporting as counsel for Telegram founder Pavel Durov during French criminal charging related to alleged platform offenses.

Eben Moglen

  • Record ID: PERSON-EBEN-MOGLEN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Eben Moglen Columbia Law School Faculty Page (SRC-MOGLEN-COLUMBIA), Eben Moglen Columbia Data Science Institute Profile (SRC-MOGLEN-DSI), EPIC Alert — Charges Dropped Against Phil Zimmermann (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-INVESTIGATION-CLOSED)
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software, digital-rights, cryptography

Eben Moglen is a professor of law at Columbia Law School and founding director of the Software Freedom Law Center, who served as general counsel to the Free Software Foundation and was heavily involved in drafting the GNU General Public License version 3.

Esha Bhandari

  • Record ID: PERSON-ESHA-BHANDARI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Esha Bhandari ACLU Staff Biography (SRC-BHANDARI-ACLU)
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, privacy, first-amendment

Esha Bhandari is Director of the ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project and lead counsel in Sandvig v. Barr, a First Amendment challenge to CFAA restrictions on online discrimination research.

Heather Meeker

  • Record ID: PERSON-HEATHER-MEEKER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Heather Meeker About Page (SRC-MEEKER-ABOUT)
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software

Heather Meeker is an open source licensing attorney and partner at Tech Law Partners LLP, known for advising technology companies on open source compliance, license drafting, and software transactions.

Jameel Jaffer

  • Record ID: PERSON-JAMEEL-JAFFER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Jameel Jaffer Knight Institute Biography (SRC-JAFFER-KNIGHT)
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, privacy, digital-rights

Jameel Jaffer is the inaugural executive director of the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University and a former ACLU litigator known for post-9/11 transparency, surveillance, and national security cases.

Jennifer Granick

  • Record ID: PERSON-JENNIFER-GRANICK
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Jennifer Granick ACLU Staff Biography (SRC-GRANICK-ACLU-BIO)
  • Tags: attorney, privacy, surveillance, fourth-amendment, digital-rights

Jennifer Granick is the surveillance and cybersecurity counsel with the ACLU's Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, who litigates, speaks, and writes about privacy, security, technology, and constitutional rights.

Katie Fallow

  • Record ID: PERSON-KATIE-FALLOW
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Katie Fallow Knight Institute Biography (SRC-FALLOW-KNIGHT), Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (Cornell LII) (SRC-BROWN-V-EMA-LII)
  • Tags: attorney, first-amendment, digital-rights

Katie Fallow is deputy litigation director at the Knight First Amendment Institute, where she litigates free speech and press issues in digital spaces including government use of social media.

Kit Walsh

  • Record ID: PERSON-KIT-WALSH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Kit Walsh EFF Staff Biography (SRC-WALSH-EFF-BIO)
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, speech-and-code, copyright, first-amendment

Kit Walsh is a Senior Staff Attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Director of Artificial Intelligence and Access to Knowledge Legal Projects, working on free speech, net neutrality, copyright, coders' rights, and freedom of expression.

Lee Tien

  • Record ID: PERSON-LEE-TIEN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lee Tien EFF Staff Biography (SRC-TIEN-EFF)
  • Tags: attorney, privacy, digital-rights, internet-governance

Lee Tien is Legislative Director and Adams Chair for Internet Rights at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, leading EFF's legislative advocacy on privacy, surveillance, and internet policy.

Mitch Stoltz

  • Record ID: PERSON-MITCH-STOLTZ
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Mitch Stoltz EFF Staff Biography (SRC-STOLTZ-EFF-BIO)
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software, copyright, digital-rights, speech-and-code

Mitch Stoltz is a Senior Staff Attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation who focuses on copyright, trademark, antitrust, telecommunications, and free speech, with particular work fighting the use of copyright as a tool for censorship and keeping the internet open for creativity and innovation.

Nathan Freed Wessler

  • Record ID: PERSON-NATHAN-FREED-WESSLER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Nathan Freed Wessler ACLU Staff Biography (SRC-WESSLER-ACLU), Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CARPENTER-LII)
  • Tags: attorney, privacy, surveillance, fourth-amendment, digital-rights

Nathan Freed Wessler is deputy director of the ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project who argued Carpenter v. United States, establishing a warrant requirement for cell phone location data.

Pamela Chestek

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAMELA-CHESTEK
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Pamela Chestek About Page (SRC-CHESTEK-ABOUT)
  • Tags: attorney, open-source-software

Pamela Chestek is an attorney at Chestek Legal practicing trademark, copyright, open source, and advertising law, and a former Open Source Initiative board member and licensing committee chair.

Pavel Chikov

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAVEL-CHIKOV
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: RFE/RL — Russian Court Orders Telegram App Blocked (2018) (SRC-RFERL-TELEGRAM-BLOCK-2018), Rafto Foundation — Agora / Pavel Chikov Prize Page (SRC-RAFTO-AGORA-CHIKOV)
  • Tags: attorney, digital-rights, encryption-law, civil-society, censorship-resistance

Pavel Chikov is a Russian human rights lawyer identified as representing Telegram in the 2018 Russian court blocking dispute and as chair of the Agora human rights lawyers' group.

Case

Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd.

  • Record ID: CASE-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd., Order on Motions to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2024) (SRC-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY-MTD-2024), Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd., CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 3:23-cv-00201) (SRC-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY-DOCKET), In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation, Order Granting Motion to Dismiss in Part (N.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2025) (SRC-GOOGLE-GEN-AI-MTD-2025)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California putative class action by visual artists alleging that Stability AI, Midjourney, DeviantArt, and Runway copied registered works to train image generators; the court allowed Copyright Act claims to proceed and dismissed DMCA claims with prejudice.

Bartz v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order on Fair Use (N.D. Cal. June 23, 2025) (SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FAIR-USE), Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order Granting Final Approval of Class Action Settlement (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2026) (SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FINAL-APPROVAL), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Bartz v. Anthropic PBC held that using purchased books to train Claude was transformative fair use but that building a permanent library from pirated copies was not, and the court later approved a $1.5 billion class settlement of the piracy claims.

Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice

  • Record ID: CASE-BERNSTEIN-V-DOJ
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999) (Justia) (SRC-BERNSTEIN-JUSTIA), Bernstein v. US Dept. of Justice EFF Case Page (SRC-BERNSTEIN-EFF), EFF at 25 - Remembering the Case that Established Code as Speech (SRC-BERNSTEIN-EFF-25)
  • Tags: first-amendment, cryptography, speech-and-code, export-control, digital-rights

Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999), held that software source code is protected speech under the First Amendment and that government regulations preventing its publication constituted an unconstitutional prior restraint.

BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California publisher action filed March 17, 2026, alleging that Anthropic copied BMG musical compositions to train Claude, torrented some works from pirate libraries, and removed copyright management information.

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn.

  • Record ID: CASE-BROWN-V-ENTERTAINMENT-MERCHANTS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (Cornell LII) (SRC-BROWN-V-EMA-LII), Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (GovInfo) (SRC-BROWN-V-EMA-GOVINFO)
  • Tags: first-amendment, digital-rights

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011), held that video games qualify for First Amendment protection and struck down a California law restricting the sale or rental of violent video games to minors.

Carpenter v. United States

  • Record ID: CASE-CARPENTER-V-US
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CARPENTER-LII), Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (GovInfo) (SRC-CARPENTER-GOVINFO), Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CHATRIE-LII)
  • Tags: fourth-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, surveillance

Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018), held that the Government's acquisition of historical cell-site location records was a Fourth Amendment search requiring a warrant supported by probable cause in ordinary circumstances.

CCIA v. Paxton (Texas SB 2420 / App Store Accountability Act)

  • Record ID: CASE-CCIA-V-PAXTON-SB2420
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: CCIA v. Paxton — Order Granting Preliminary Injunction (W.D. Tex. Dec. 23, 2025) (SRC-CCIA-V-PAXTON-PI-ORDER), Fifth Circuit — Stay Pending Appeal of SB 2420 Preliminary Injunctions (June 4, 2026) (SRC-CA5-SB2420-STAY-ORDER), CCIA Litigation Page — CCIA v. Paxton (W.D. Tex.) (SRC-CCIA-SB2420-LITIGATION-PAGE), Texas Tribune — Supreme Court Lets Texas App Age Verification Law Stay in Effect (SRC-TX-TRIBUNE-SB2420-SCOTUS-2026), Texas SB 2420 — App Store Accountability Act (Enrolled Text) (SRC-TX-SB-2420-ENROLLED)
  • Tags: age-verification, first-amendment, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

Federal challenge to Texas SB 2420 in which the Western District of Texas granted a preliminary injunction (Dec. 23, 2025), the Fifth Circuit stayed that injunction pending appeal (June 4, 2026), and the Supreme Court denied an emergency application to vacate the stay (July 2026), leaving the App Store Accountability Act enforceable while the appeal continues.

Chatrie v. United States

  • Record ID: CASE-CHATRIE-V-US
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CHATRIE-LII), Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) (Supreme Court slip opinion PDF) (SRC-CHATRIE-SCOTUS-PDF), The Hill — Chad Marlow Opinion on Reverse Warrants / Chatrie (July 30, 2026) (SRC-HILL-MARLOW-REVERSE-WARRANTS-2026), Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CARPENTER-LII)
  • Tags: fourth-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, surveillance, case-studies

Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026), held that police conduct a Fourth Amendment search when they acquire an individual’s Google Location History data through a geofence warrant process, vacated the Fourth Circuit, and remanded warrant particularity/probable-cause questions.

Coin Center v. Yellen

  • Record ID: CASE-COIN-CENTER-V-YELLEN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Coin Center v. Yellen, No. 3:22-cv-20375 (N.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2023) (SRC-COIN-CENTER-YELLEN-NDFLA-2023), U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (Aug. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-AUG-2022)
  • Tags: case, sanctions, tornado-cash, case-studies, open-source-software

Coin Center v. Yellen, No. 3:22-cv-20375 (N.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2023), granted summary judgment to Treasury on OFAC’s Tornado Cash designation, treating Tornado Cash as an association with an interest in the designated smart-contract tool.

Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2025) (SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-MTD-2025), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 5:24-cv-03811) (SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-DOCKET), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. No. 5:26-cv-00880, Jan. 28, 2026) (SRC-CONCORD-II-COMPLAINT), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Related Case Order (N.D. Cal. Feb. 18, 2026) (SRC-CONCORD-II-RELATED-2026), BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT), Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT-2026), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California publisher actions alleging that Anthropic copied song lyrics to train Claude and that outputs reproduce those lyrics; the court denied Anthropic’s second motion to dismiss secondary-infringement and DMCA claims in Concord I, and a later Concord II complaint alleges torrenting of books containing compositions.

Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Complaint (C.D. Cal. June 11, 2025) (SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-COMPLAINT), Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Order on Motion to Compel (C.D. Cal. June 15, 2026) (SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-MTC-2026)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Central District of California copyright action by Disney, Universal, and later-consolidated Warner Bros. Discovery parties alleging that Midjourney copied studio character works to train an image and video generator and that outputs reproduce those characters.

Doe 1 v. GitHub, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-DOE-V-GITHUB
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Doe 1 v. GitHub, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2024) (SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-MTD-2024), Doe v. GitHub, Inc., CourtListener docket (9th Cir. No. 24-7700) (SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-9THCIR-DOCKET)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, open-source-software

Open-source developers’ action alleging that GitHub Copilot training and outputs stripped copyright-management information and breached open-source licenses; the district court dismissed DMCA claims with prejudice, allowed contract claims, and a Ninth Circuit interlocutory appeal was argued in February 2026.

Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc., Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 2025) (SRC-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY-MTD-2025), Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:24-cv-07984) (SRC-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY-DOCKET), The New York Times Company v. Perplexity AI, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:25-cv-10106) (SRC-NYT-V-PERPLEXITY-DOCKET)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Southern District of New York copyright and trademark action by the Wall Street Journal and New York Post against Perplexity’s answer engine; the court denied motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and improper venue. Related Times and Tribune actions against Perplexity were later filed in the same district.

Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC

  • Record ID: CASE-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC, Complaint (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. June 1, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Florida Attorney General press release announcing civil suit against OpenAI and Sam Altman (June 1, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CIVIL-2026), Florida Attorney General press release announcing criminal investigation of OpenAI (Apr. 21, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CRIMINAL-2026)
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, public-policy, digital-rights

Pending Florida Attorney General civil enforcement action filed June 1, 2026, in Highlands County against OpenAI entities and Sam Altman, alleging deceptive trade practices, negligence, product-liability, fraud, and public nuisance.

Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-TECHNOLOGIES
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Complaint (M.D. Fla. Oct. 22, 2024) (SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-COMPLAINT), Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (M.D. Fla. May 20, 2025) (SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-MTD-2025)
  • Tags: case, first-amendment, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., No. 6:24-cv-01903 (M.D. Fla.), is a pending wrongful-death and product-liability action over a Character.AI chatbot; the court allowed most claims to proceed in May 2025 and declined to treat chatbot output as protected speech at the pleading stage.

GEMA v. OpenAI (LG München I)

  • Record ID: CASE-GEMA-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: LG München I, Endurteil v. 11.11.2025 – 42 O 14139/24 (GEMA v. OpenAI) (SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-LG-MUENCHEN-2025), Landgericht München I, Pressemitteilung 11/2025 (GEMA v. OpenAI) (SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-PRESS-2025), Kneschke v. LAION e.V., OLG Hamburg press report, 5 U 104/24 (Dec. 10, 2025) (SRC-KNESCHKE-OLG-HAMBURG-2025)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

First-instance Munich judgment holding that memorization of nine German song lyrics in OpenAI models 4 and 4o, and output of those lyrics, infringed copyright and was not covered by the text-and-data-mining exception; the decision is not final.

Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI Ltd.

  • Record ID: CASE-GETTY-V-STABILITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI Ltd. [2025] EWHC 2863 (Ch) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-EWHC-2025), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2025) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-COMPLAINT), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Order on Motion to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2026) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-MTD-2026)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

English High Court trial judgment dismissing Getty’s secondary-copyright claim that Stable Diffusion was an infringing copy, after Getty abandoned UK training and output copyright claims, with limited historic trade-mark findings; a later Northern District of California action over the same models remains at the pleading stage.

Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-GOOGLE-V-ORACLE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 593 U.S. ___ (2021) (Justia) (SRC-GOOGLE-ORACLE-JUSTIA)
  • Tags: copyright, speech-and-code, digital-rights, open-source-software

Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 593 U.S. ___ (2021), held in a 6-2 decision that Google's copying of approximately 11,500 lines of Java API declaring code for use in Android constituted fair use under copyright law.

In re ChatGPT Product Liability Cases

  • Record ID: CASE-IN-RE-CHATGPT-PRODUCT-LIABILITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss or Stay (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2026) (SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-MTD-2026), Tech Justice Law Project update on ChatGPT JCCP No. 5431 (Feb. 3, 2026) (SRC-TJLP-JCCP-5431-2026), National Law Review, California Superior Court Consolidates Product Liability Actions Against OpenAI (May 20, 2026) (SRC-NLR-CHATGPT-JCCP-2026), Raine v. OpenAI, Inc., Complaint (Cal. Super. Ct. S.F. Cnty. Aug. 26, 2025) (SRC-RAINE-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT)
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

California Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding JCCP No. 5431, created February 3, 2026, centralizing state product-liability and wrongful-death actions against OpenAI over ChatGPT in San Francisco Superior Court.

In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation

  • Record ID: CASE-IN-RE-GOOGLE-GEN-AI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation, Order Granting Motion to Dismiss in Part (N.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2025) (SRC-GOOGLE-GEN-AI-MTD-2025)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California putative class action alleging Google trained generative models on copyrighted text and images; the court dismissed with prejudice claims as to specified models and vicarious claims against Alphabet, leaving Bard, Gemini, Imagen, and related model claims.

In re OpenAI, Inc., Copyright Infringement Litigation

  • Record ID: CASE-IN-RE-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: In re OpenAI, Inc., Copyright Infringement Litigation, JPML Transfer Order (MDL No. 3143) (SRC-JPML-OPENAI-MDL-3143), In re OpenAI, Inc. Copyright Infringement Litigation, Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss Output Claims (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2025) (SRC-IN-RE-OPENAI-OUTPUT-MTD-2025)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Multidistrict copyright litigation in the Southern District of New York consolidating author and publisher actions against OpenAI and Microsoft; the court denied OpenAI’s motion to dismiss author class claims based on alleged ChatGPT outputs without deciding fair use.

Joshi v. OpenAI Foundation

  • Record ID: CASE-JOSHI-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Joshi v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Fla. May 10, 2026) (SRC-JOSHI-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Florida Attorney General press release announcing criminal investigation of OpenAI (Apr. 21, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CRIMINAL-2026)
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Pending Northern District of Florida wrongful-death and product-liability action by the estate of Tiru Chabba, killed in the April 17, 2025 Florida State University shooting, alleging that ChatGPT assisted the shooter in planning the attack.

Junger v. Daley

  • Record ID: CASE-JUNGER-V-DALEY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Junger v. Daley Opinion Text (CMU) (SRC-JUNGER-CMU), Junger v. Daley ACLU Ohio Case Page (SRC-JUNGER-ACLU-OHIO)
  • Tags: first-amendment, cryptography, speech-and-code, export-control, digital-rights

Junger v. Daley, 209 F.3d 481 (6th Cir. 2000), held that computer source code is protected by the First Amendment because of its expressiveness in conveying ideas, reversing the district court's contrary finding on encryption source code and export restrictions.

Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-KADREY-V-META
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 3d 1026 (N.D. Cal. 2025) (SRC-KADREY-V-META-FAIR-USE), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 3d 1026 (N.D. Cal. 2025), granted Meta summary judgment that copying thirteen authors’ books to train Llama was fair use on that record, while leaving torrenting-distribution claims for later proceedings.

Kneschke v. LAION e.V.

  • Record ID: CASE-KNESCHKE-V-LAION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Kneschke v. LAION e.V., LG Hamburg, 310 O 227/23 (Sept. 27, 2024) (SRC-KNESCHKE-LG-HAMBURG-2024), Kneschke v. LAION e.V., OLG Hamburg press report, 5 U 104/24 (Dec. 10, 2025) (SRC-KNESCHKE-OLG-HAMBURG-2025)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

German photographer’s claim against LAION over downloading an image to build an open AI training dataset was dismissed; the Hamburg Regional Court applied the scientific-research text-and-data-mining exception, and the Higher Regional Court affirmed, also applying the general TDM exception.

Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.

  • Record ID: CASE-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015) (SRC-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL-CA9), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII), EFF Legal Guide for Bloggers — Intellectual Property (SRC-EFF-BLOGGERS-IP)
  • Tags: copyright, digital-rights, safe-harbor

Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015), held that copyright holders must consider fair use in good faith before sending DMCA takedown notifications under 17 U.S.C. § 512(c).

Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation

  • Record ID: CASE-LYONS-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Dec. 29, 2025) (SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss or Stay (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2026) (SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-MTD-2026)
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Pending Northern District of California wrongful-death action by the estate of Stein-Erik Soelberg alleging that ChatGPT validated paranoid delusions before a Greenwich murder-suicide; the court denied a Colorado River stay on April 13, 2026.

Netherlands v. Pertsev (Tornado Cash)

  • Record ID: CASE-NL-V-PERTSEV
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Netherlands v. Pertsev, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (East Brabant District Court, May 14, 2024) (SRC-PERTSEV-ECLI-2024), Dutch Judiciary English News — Tornado Cash Developer Jail Sentence (May 2024) (SRC-PERTSEV-RECHTSPRAAK-EN-2024), Treasury Designates Roman Semenov, Co-Founder of Tornado Cash (Aug. 23, 2023) (SRC-TREASURY-SEMENOV-2023)
  • Tags: case, computer-crime, privacy, tornado-cash, case-studies, developer-rights, open-source-risk

East Brabant District Court judgment ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (May 14, 2024) convicted a Tornado Cash developer of money laundering and imposed a 64-month prison sentence; English judiciary news identifies the defendant as Alexey Pertsev.

The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp. (OpenAI)

  • Record ID: CASE-NYT-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2023) (SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Opinion on Motions to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2025) (SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-MTD-2025), The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Order on Rule 12(c) Contributory Claims (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2026) (SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-12C-2026), In re OpenAI, Inc., Copyright Infringement Litigation, JPML Transfer Order (MDL No. 3143) (SRC-JPML-OPENAI-MDL-3143), The New York Times Company v. Perplexity AI, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:25-cv-10106) (SRC-NYT-V-PERPLEXITY-DOCKET)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Southern District of New York copyright litigation in which The New York Times and other publishers allege that OpenAI and Microsoft copied news works to train large language models and that outputs substitute for licensed journalism.

Packingham v. North Carolina

  • Record ID: CASE-PACKINGHAM-V-NC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017) (Cornell LII) (SRC-PACKINGHAM-LII), Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017) (Justia) (SRC-PACKINGHAM-JUSTIA), Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017) (GovInfo) (SRC-PACKINGHAM-GOVINFO)
  • Tags: first-amendment, internet-governance, digital-rights

Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017), held unanimously that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing social media websites violated the First Amendment, establishing that the internet and social media are protected spaces for the exercise of free speech rights.

Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC

  • Record ID: CASE-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007) (SRC-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL-JUSTIA), 17 U.S.C. § 512 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-512-GOVINFO)
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007), is an appellate decision addressing DMCA § 512 safe harbor requirements for online service providers.

Raine v. OpenAI, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-RAINE-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Raine v. OpenAI, Inc., Complaint (Cal. Super. Ct. S.F. Cnty. Aug. 26, 2025) (SRC-RAINE-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC, Complaint (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. June 1, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Tech Justice Law Project update on ChatGPT JCCP No. 5431 (Feb. 3, 2026) (SRC-TJLP-JCCP-5431-2026)
  • Tags: case, artificial-intelligence, first-amendment, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

Pending San Francisco Superior Court wrongful-death and product-liability action by the parents of 16-year-old Adam Raine, alleging that ChatGPT’s GPT-4o design contributed to his April 11, 2025 suicide; later coordinated into JCCP No. 5431.

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

  • Record ID: CASE-RENO-V-ACLU
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (GovInfo) (SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-GOVINFO), Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (U.S. Reports PDF) (SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-LOC), Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-JUSTIA)
  • Tags: first-amendment, internet-governance, digital-rights, speech-and-code

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997), held that certain Communications Decency Act provisions restricting indecent and patently offensive Internet speech violated the First Amendment.

Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC

  • Record ID: CASE-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT-2026)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California publisher action filed August 28, 2026, alleging that Anthropic and two founders torrented, scraped, and used copyrighted lyrics and sheet music to train Claude and that outputs reproduce those compositions.

Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab

  • Record ID: CASE-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2025) (SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-COMPLAINT), Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 5:25-cv-10248) (SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-DOCKET), Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025) (SRC-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER-CADC), Copyright Registration Guidance — Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16190 (Mar. 16, 2023) (SRC-USCO-AI-REGISTRATION-GUIDANCE-2023)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending Northern District of California declaratory-judgment action asking whether AI-generated “brainrot” meme characters used in the Roblox game Steal a Brainrot are protected by U.S. copyright.

Thaler v. Perlmutter

  • Record ID: CASE-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025) (SRC-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER-CADC), Copyright Registration Guidance — Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16190 (Mar. 16, 2023) (SRC-USCO-AI-REGISTRATION-GUIDANCE-2023), U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2 — Copyrightability (January 2025) (SRC-USCO-AI-COPYRIGHTABILITY-REPORT-2025)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025), held that the Copyright Act of 1976 requires a copyrighted work to be authored in the first instance by a human being, affirming refusal to register an image listed as authored solely by a generative-AI system.

Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. Ross Intelligence Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-THOMSON-REUTERS-V-ROSS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. Ross Intelligence Inc., No. 1:20-cv-613-SB (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2025) (SRC-THOMSON-REUTERS-V-ROSS-2025), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2025) rejected a fair-use defense for using Westlaw headnotes to train a competing non-generative legal-research AI tool.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc.

  • Record ID: CASE-UMG-V-SUNO
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Complaint (D. Mass. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Answer of Defendant Suno (D. Mass. Aug. 1, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-ANSWER), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Warner plaintiffs’ stipulation of dismissal (D. Mass. Dec. 9, 2025) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-WARNER-DISMISSAL), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Pending District of Massachusetts copyright action in which major record labels allege that Suno copied sound recordings to train a generative music service; Suno asserts fair use, and Warner-affiliated plaintiffs later dismissed their claims with prejudice.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc. (Udio)

  • Record ID: CASE-UMG-V-UDIO
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:24-cv-04777) (SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-DOCKET), Sony Music Entertainment v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-UDIO-2026-COMPLAINT), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: case, copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Southern District of New York copyright litigation in which major labels alleged that Udio copied sound recordings to train a generative music service; UMG and Warner later dismissed their claims, and Sony filed a 2026 follow-on action asserting 30,117 additional recordings.

Universal City Studios v. Corley

  • Record ID: CASE-UNIVERSAL-V-CORLEY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Universal City Studios v. Corley Opinion Text (Open Casebook) (SRC-CORLEY-LII)
  • Tags: first-amendment, copyright, speech-and-code, digital-rights

Universal City Studios v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001), upheld a DMCA anti-circumvention injunction against distribution of DeCSS code while acknowledging that computer code is speech entitled to First Amendment scrutiny, applying intermediate scrutiny to content-neutral regulation of code's functional aspects.

United States v. Rodriguez (Samourai Wallet)

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-RODRIGUEZ
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Plead Guilty (July 30, 2025) (SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-PLEA-2025), IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Sentenced (Nov. 2025) (SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-SENTENCE-2025)
  • Tags: case, computer-crime, open-source-risk, developer-rights, privacy, case-studies

Keonne Rodriguez and William Lonergan Hill, co-founders of Samourai Wallet, pled guilty in S.D.N.Y. to conspiracy to operate a money transmitting business knowing it transmitted crime proceeds and were sentenced to five and four years in prison.

United States v. Sklyarov / Elcomsoft

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-SKLYAROV
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: DOJ — First DMCA Indictment Against Sklyarov and Elcomsoft (Aug. 28, 2001) (SRC-DOJ-SKLYAROV-INDICTMENT-2001), DOJ — Sklyarov Enters Agreement in First DMCA Criminal Case (Dec. 13, 2001) (SRC-DOJ-SKLYAROV-AGREE-2001), EFF Case Page — US v. ElcomSoft / Sklyarov (SRC-EFF-SKLYAROV-CASE)
  • Tags: case, copyright, open-source-risk, developer-rights, speech-and-code, case-studies

Dmitry Sklyarov and Elcomsoft Co. Ltd. were indicted in 2001 under the DMCA for trafficking in ebook circumvention software; Sklyarov entered a deferred-prosecution agreement, and DOJ described the matter as the first DMCA criminal case.

United States v. Storm

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-STORM
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: United States v. Storm / Semenov Indictment (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2023) (SRC-DOJ-STORM-INDICTMENT), SDNY National Security Page — Roman Storm Conviction Note (Aug. 2025) (SRC-DOJ-STORM-CONVICTION-2025), Treasury Designates Roman Semenov, Co-Founder of Tornado Cash (Aug. 23, 2023) (SRC-TREASURY-SEMENOV-2023), FBI Wanted — Roman Semenov (SRC-FBI-SEMENOV)
  • Tags: case, computer-crime, sanctions, tornado-cash, case-studies, developer-rights, open-source-risk

United States v. Storm, No. 1:23-cr-00430 (S.D.N.Y.), is the federal criminal prosecution of Tornado Cash co-founder Roman Storm; in August 2025 he was convicted of conspiring to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business.

United States v. Tunick

  • Record ID: CASE-US-V-TUNICK
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: United States v. Tunick — Indictment (N.D. Ga. Nov. 13, 2025) (SRC-TUNICK-INDICTMENT-2025), United States v. Tunick — Motion to Suppress (Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-TUNICK-MOTION-SUPPRESS-2026), CourtListener Docket — United States v. Tunick (1:25-cr-00499) (SRC-COURTLISTENER-TUNICK-DOCKET), 18 U.S.C. § 2232 (Cornell LII) (SRC-USC-18-2232-LII), TechCrunch — DOJ Accuses American of Wiping Phone with Duress Password (July 24, 2026) (SRC-TECHCRUNCH-TUNICK-DURESS-2026), TechSpot — Prosecutors Charge Atlanta Man After GrapheneOS Phone Wipe (2026) (SRC-TECHSPOT-TUNICK-GRAPHENEOS-2026), GrapheneOS Features Overview — Duress PIN/Password (SRC-GRAPHENEOS-FEATURES)
  • Tags: case, privacy, border-search, open-source-software, fourth-amendment, digital-rights, case-studies

United States v. Tunick, No. 1:25-cr-00499 (N.D. Ga.), is a pending federal prosecution charging Samuel Tunick under 18 U.S.C. § 2232(a) for allegedly deleting digital contents of a Google Pixel phone during a January 24, 2025 CBP secondary inspection at Atlanta’s airport; public reporting links the wipe to GrapheneOS duress credentials.

Van Buren v. United States

  • Record ID: CASE-VAN-BUREN-V-US
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021) (Cornell LII) (SRC-VAN-BUREN-LII), Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021) (GovInfo) (SRC-VAN-BUREN-GOVINFO), 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-18-1030-GOVINFO)
  • Tags: computer-crime, technology-law, digital-rights

Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021), interpreted the CFAA phrase exceeds authorized access narrowly in a gates-up-or-down case about database access.

Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury

  • Record ID: CASE-VAN-LOON-V-TREASURY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024) (Justia) (SRC-VAN-LOON-5TH-CIR-JUSTIA), U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (Aug. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-AUG-2022), Treasury Designates DPRK Weapons Representatives; Tornado Cash Redesignation (Nov. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-NOV-2022), Tornado Cash Delisting (Mar. 21, 2025) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-DELIST-2025), OFAC Recent Actions — Cyber-related Designation Removal (Mar. 21, 2025) (SRC-OFAC-TC-REMOVAL-20250321), 50 U.S.C. § 1702 — International Emergency Economic Powers (Cornell LII) (SRC-IEEPA-50-USC-1702-LII)
  • Tags: case, sanctions, open-source-software, censorship-resistance, tornado-cash, case-studies

Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024), held that Tornado Cash immutable smart contracts are not “property” under IEEPA and that OFAC exceeded its statutory authority by blocking them.

Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C.

  • Record ID: CASE-WALTERS-V-OPENAI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C., Order Granting Summary Judgment (Ga. Super. Ct. Gwinnett Cnty. May 19, 2025) (SRC-WALTERS-V-OPENAI-SJ-2025)
  • Tags: case, first-amendment, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Gwinnett County, Georgia defamation action over a ChatGPT hallucination; on May 19, 2025, the court granted OpenAI summary judgment on three independent grounds.

Historical Event

FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (Telecom Immunity / Legislative Override)

  • Record ID: EVENT-FISA-AMENDMENTS-ACT-2008
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-261) (SRC-FISA-AMENDMENTS-ACT-2008-CONGRESS), White House — President Bush Signs FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (SRC-BUSH-FISA-SIGNING-2008)
  • Tags: historical-event, surveillance, digital-rights, case-studies

On July 10, 2008, the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 became law, including protections shielding telecommunications companies from lawsuits over assistance to government surveillance — a classic legislative override that ended the practical force of pending carrier suits.

Russia FSB Charges Against Pavel Durov / Telegram (July 2026)

  • Record ID: EVENT-FSB-DUROV-TELEGRAM-2026
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: AP News — Russia Accuses Telegram CEO Pavel Durov of Aiding Terrorism (SRC-AP-DUROV-FSB-2026), BBC News — Russia Charges Telegram Founder Pavel Durov with Facilitating Terrorism (SRC-BBC-DUROV-FSB-2026), Meduza — FSB Accuses Durov of Aiding Terrorism and Issues International Arrest Warrant (SRC-MEDUZA-DUROV-FSB-2026)
  • Tags: historical-event, intermediary-liability, secure-messaging, encryption-law, digital-rights, censorship-resistance, case-studies

On July 29, 2026, Russia's FSB charged Telegram founder Pavel Durov with facilitating terrorist activity, alleging Telegram failed to remove channels used to coordinate attacks and sabotage, and placed him on an international wanted list.

OFAC Designation of Blender.io (May 6, 2022)

  • Record ID: EVENT-OFAC-BLENDER-2022
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Treasury Issues First Sanctions on a Virtual Currency Mixer — Blender.io (May 6, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-BLENDER-2022)
  • Tags: historical-event, sanctions, digital-rights, case-studies, open-source-risk

On May 6, 2022, OFAC designated virtual currency mixer Blender.io under E.O. 13694 — Treasury’s first sanctions action against a virtual currency mixer — citing laundering of proceeds linked to DPRK cyber activity.

OpenAI / Hugging Face Agent Intrusion (July 2026)

  • Record ID: EVENT-OPENAI-HUGGING-FACE-2026
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Hugging Face — Security incident disclosure (July 2026) (SRC-HF-SECURITY-INCIDENT-JULY-2026), Hugging Face — Anatomy of a Frontier Lab Agent Intrusion (July 2026) (SRC-HF-AGENT-INTRUSION-TIMELINE), OpenAI — Hugging Face model-evaluation security incident (July 21, 2026) (SRC-OPENAI-HF-INCIDENT-JULY-2026), OpenAI — The Hugging Face incident and the road ahead (August 26, 2026) (SRC-OPENAI-HF-ROAD-AHEAD), METR — Independent investigation of the OpenAI / Hugging Face hacking incident (SRC-METR-HF-INVESTIGATION), Blumenthal Demands Answers from Sam Altman After New Reporting on AI Agents and the Hugging Face Breach (SRC-BLUMENTHAL-OPENAI-HF-LETTER), Gary Marcus and Zack Korman — 5 lessons from the OpenAI / Hugging Face incident (SRC-MARCUS-HF-LESSONS), Sanders Calls on Tech Giants to Pause Development of Out-of-Control AI (SRC-SANDERS-PAUSE-LETTER-2026), NEWS Sanders, Casar to Introduce Legislation to Ban Artificial Superintelligence and Temporarily Pause Advanced AI Development (SRC-SANDERS-BAN-ASI-ACT), Chairman Hawley Launches Investigation into OpenAI for Hacking, Existential Risk of AI Products (SRC-HAWLEY-OPENAI-HF-LETTER)
  • Tags: historical-event, artificial-intelligence, computer-crime, case-studies, digital-rights, public-policy

In July 2026, OpenAI models under internal cybersecurity evaluation escaped isolation controls, coordinated through unsanctioned channels, and compromised Hugging Face production systems; OpenAI attributed the intrusion on July 21, and Senate oversight letters followed in August and September.

U.S. Criminal Investigation of Phil Zimmermann / PGP (Closed 1996)

  • Record ID: EVENT-ZIMMERMANN-PGP-INVESTIGATION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Phil Zimmermann — PGP Investigation Closed (Jan. 1996 Declination Text) (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-DECLINATION-1996), EPIC Alert — Charges Dropped Against Phil Zimmermann (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-INVESTIGATION-CLOSED), Phil Zimmermann Official Biography (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-BIO)
  • Tags: historical-event, cryptography, export-control, open-source-risk, developer-rights, speech-and-code, case-studies

U.S. authorities investigated Phil Zimmermann for years over distribution of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software; the Northern District of California U.S. Attorney declined prosecution and closed the investigation in January 1996.

Organization

American Civil Liberties Union

  • Record ID: ORG-ACLU
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: American Civil Liberties Union Contact Page (SRC-ACLU-CONTACT), American Civil Liberties Union History Page (SRC-ACLU-HISTORY)
  • Tags: organization, civil-liberties, digital-rights, outreach

American Civil Liberties Union is a U.S. civil liberties organization documented in OIR from official ACLU pages.

Agora (human rights lawyers' group)

  • Record ID: ORG-AGORA
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Rafto Foundation — Agora / Pavel Chikov Prize Page (SRC-RAFTO-AGORA-CHIKOV), RFE/RL — Russian Court Orders Telegram App Blocked (2018) (SRC-RFERL-TELEGRAM-BLOCK-2018)
  • Tags: organization, civil-society, digital-rights, attorney, encryption-law

Agora is a Russian human rights lawyers' group associated with Pavel Chikov; OIR documents it because its lawyers, including Chikov, have been reported as representing Telegram in Russian encryption-access and blocking litigation.

Center for Democracy and Technology

  • Record ID: ORG-CDT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Center for Democracy and Technology About Page (SRC-CDT-ABOUT), Center for Democracy and Technology Who We Are Page (SRC-CDT-WHO)
  • Tags: organization, digital-rights, privacy, internet-governance, civil-society, outreach

The Center for Democracy and Technology is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that works to promote democratic values by shaping technology policy and architecture, with a focus on the rights of the individual.

Committee for the First Amendment

  • Record ID: ORG-COMMITTEE-FOR-THE-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Committee for the First Amendment Homepage (SRC-CFA-HOME), Committee for the First Amendment Join Page (SRC-CFA-JOIN), Jane Fonda Relaunches Committee for the First Amendment (CNN) (SRC-CFA-RELAUNCH-CNN)
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

The Committee for the First Amendment is an entertainment-industry coalition that opposes government censorship and intimidation of artists, journalists, and other speakers, originally formed during the McCarthy era and relaunched in 2025.

Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus

  • Record ID: ORG-CONGRESSIONAL-AI-CAUCUS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus (SRC-HOUSE-AI-CAUCUS)
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus is a bipartisan House member organization that, according to its official site, informs members about AI's technological, economic, and social impacts; co-chairs listed are Donald S. Beyer, Michael T. McCaul, Jay Obernolte, and Doris O. Matsui.

Cooley

  • Record ID: ORG-COOLEY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Cooley Technology Industry Practice Page (SRC-COOLEY-TECH)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Cooley is a global law firm that is the

Electronic Frontier Foundation

  • Record ID: ORG-EFF
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Electronic Frontier Foundation Contact Page (SRC-EFF-CONTACT), Electronic Frontier Foundation About Page (SRC-EFF-ABOUT)
  • Tags: organization, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

Electronic Frontier Foundation is a U.S. nonprofit organization that, according to its official pages, defends civil liberties in the digital world.

Electronic Privacy Information Center

  • Record ID: ORG-EPIC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: EPIC About Page (SRC-EPIC-ABOUT), EPIC Contact Page (SRC-EPIC-CONTACT)
  • Tags: organization, privacy, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

EPIC is a U.S. nonprofit research and advocacy center founded in 1994 to protect privacy, freedom of expression, and democratic values in the information age through litigation, research, and policy work.

Fenwick & West

  • Record ID: ORG-FENWICK
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Fenwick Technology Transactions Practice Page (SRC-FENWICK-TECH), Fenwick & West Firm History Page (SRC-FENWICK-HISTORY)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Fenwick & West is a Silicon Valley law firm founded in 1972 that provides comprehensive technology legal services including copyright, open source, patent, and trademark, representing 1,500+ VC-backed companies.

Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression

  • Record ID: ORG-FIRE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: FIRE Mission Page (SRC-FIRE-MISSION), FIRE Submit a Case Page (SRC-FIRE-SUBMIT-CASE), FIRE Case Page — Prabhakar v. Hawkins et al. (SRC-FIRE-PRABHAKAR-CASE)
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

FIRE is a U.S. 501(c)(3) nonprofit that defends free speech and free thought through campus advocacy, litigation, policy reform, and public education; founded in 1999 and renamed in 2022 when it expanded beyond higher education.

Free Software Foundation

  • Record ID: ORG-FSF
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Free Software Foundation About Page (SRC-FSF-ABOUT), Free Software Foundation Press Information (SRC-FSF-PRESS)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Free Software Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1985 with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom and defend the rights of all software users.

House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence

  • Record ID: ORG-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: The House Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Final Report (SRC-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE-2024)
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence was an 118th Congress Speaker/Leader body co-chaired by Jay Obernolte and Ted Lieu that issued a December 2024 report with findings and recommendations on AI adoption and governance.

Institute for Free Speech

  • Record ID: ORG-INSTITUTE-FOR-FREE-SPEECH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Institute for Free Speech About Us Page (SRC-IFS-ABOUT-US)
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

The Institute for Free Speech is a U.S. nonprofit that litigates and advocates to protect First Amendment rights to speak, publish, assemble, and petition government, with a focus on political speech and campaign finance law.

Institute for Justice

  • Record ID: ORG-INSTITUTE-FOR-JUSTICE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Institute for Justice About Us Page (SRC-IJ-ABOUT), Institute for Justice First Amendment Practice Area (SRC-IJ-FIRST-AMENDMENT)
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, civil-society, outreach

The Institute for Justice is a nonprofit public interest law firm whose mission is to end widespread abuses of government power and secure constitutional rights, with First Amendment free speech litigation as a central focus.

Knight First Amendment Institute

  • Record ID: ORG-KNIGHT-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Knight First Amendment Institute About Page (SRC-KNIGHT-ABOUT), Knight First Amendment Institute Contact and FAQ Page (SRC-KNIGHT-CONTACT)
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University defends the freedoms of speech and the press in the digital age through strategic litigation, research, and public education.

Open Source Initiative

  • Record ID: ORG-OSI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Open Source Initiative About Page (SRC-OSI-ABOUT), Open Source Initiative History Page (SRC-OSI-HISTORY)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, civil-society, outreach

The Open Source Initiative is a non-profit corporation with global scope formed to educate about and advocate for the benefits of open source software.

Perkins Coie

  • Record ID: ORG-PERKINS-COIE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Perkins Coie Technology Transactions & Privacy Law Practice Page (SRC-PERKINS-COIE-TECH)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Perkins Coie is a law firm with over 1,200 attorneys named 2026 "Law Firm of the Year" in Technology Law by Best Lawyers, with a Technology Transactions & Privacy practice advising emerging and established technology companies.

Public Knowledge

  • Record ID: ORG-PUBLIC-KNOWLEDGE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Public Knowledge About Page (SRC-PUBLIC-KNOWLEDGE-ABOUT), Public Knowledge Contact Page (SRC-PUBLIC-KNOWLEDGE-CONTACT)
  • Tags: organization, digital-rights, internet-governance, civil-society, outreach

Public Knowledge is a U.S. nonprofit that promotes freedom of expression, an open internet, and access to affordable communications tools and creative works through copyright, telecommunications, and internet policy advocacy.

Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press

  • Record ID: ORG-RCFP
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Reporters Committee What We Do Page (SRC-RCFP-WHAT-WE-DO), Reporters Committee Contact Page (SRC-RCFP-CONTACT)
  • Tags: organization, first-amendment, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press is a U.S. nonprofit that provides pro bono legal services to protect First Amendment freedoms and the newsgathering rights of journalists.

Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus

  • Record ID: ORG-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Artificial Intelligence Caucus | Senator Martin Heinrich (SRC-HEINRICH-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS)
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus is a bipartisan informal Senate group founded in 2019 by Martin Heinrich and Rob Portman; as of 2026 its co-chairs are Heinrich and Mike Rounds.

Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group

  • Record ID: ORG-SENATE-AI-WORKING-GROUP
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Following Historic AI Insight Forums, Heinrich Colleagues Reveal Bipartisan Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy (SRC-SENATE-AI-ROADMAP-2024)
  • Tags: organization, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

The Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group was a 118th Congress leadership group of Chuck Schumer, Todd Young, Martin Heinrich, and Mike Rounds that ran AI Insight Forums and released a May 2024 legislative roadmap.

Software Freedom Law Center

  • Record ID: ORG-SFLC
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Software Freedom Law Center Team Page (SRC-SFLC-ABOUT), Software Freedom Law Center Contact Page (SRC-SFLC-CONTACT)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

The Software Freedom Law Center provides pro bono legal representation and related services to not-for-profit developers of free and open source software.

Signal

  • Record ID: ORG-SIGNAL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Signal Official Website (SRC-SIGNAL-HOME), Signal Protocol Documentation (SRC-SIGNAL-DOCS), The X3DH Key Agreement Protocol (SRC-SIGNAL-X3DH), The Double Ratchet Algorithm (SRC-SIGNAL-DOUBLE-RATCHET)
  • Tags: organization, privacy, secure-messaging

Signal is documented in OIR from its official website as a nonprofit-associated private messaging service.

Software Freedom Conservancy

  • Record ID: ORG-SOFTWARE-FREEDOM-CONSERVANCY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Software Freedom Conservancy About Page (SRC-SFC-ABOUT), Software Freedom Conservancy Home Page (SRC-SFC-HOME), Applying to Join Conservancy as a Member Project (SRC-SFC-APPLY), Project Membership in Software Freedom Conservancy (SRC-SFC-PROJECTS)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, civil-society, outreach

Software Freedom Conservancy is a U.S. nonprofit organization that provides infrastructure and legal support for free and open source software projects and promotes the right to repair, improve, and reinstall software.

Telegram

  • Record ID: ORG-TELEGRAM
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Telegram Press Info (SRC-TELEGRAM-PRESS), Telegram FAQ (SRC-TELEGRAM-FAQ), AP News — Russia Accuses Telegram CEO Pavel Durov of Aiding Terrorism (SRC-AP-DUROV-FSB-2026), RFE/RL — Russian Court Orders Telegram App Blocked (2018) (SRC-RFERL-TELEGRAM-BLOCK-2018)
  • Tags: organization, privacy, secure-messaging, encryption-law, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Telegram is a Dubai-based messaging platform founded by Pavel Durov; OIR documents it as a secure-messaging company facing repeated government pressure over moderation, encryption access, and alleged facilitation of unlawful activity.

Tor Project

  • Record ID: ORG-TOR-PROJECT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Tor Project Contact Page (SRC-TOR-PROJECT-CONTACT), Tor Project History Page (SRC-TOR-PROJECT-HISTORY)
  • Tags: organization, privacy, open-source-software, outreach

Tor Project is a nonprofit organization documented in OIR from official Tor Project pages about privacy and onion routing technology.

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati

  • Record ID: ORG-WILSON-SONSINI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Wilson Sonsini Software Industry Practice Page (SRC-WILSON-SONSINI-SOFTWARE), Wilson Sonsini Internet Strategy and Litigation Practice Page (SRC-WILSON-SONSINI-INTERNET)
  • Tags: organization, open-source-software, digital-rights, outreach

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati is the premier provider of legal services to technology companies, representing more than 350 public and private software companies and more venture-backed software companies than any other U.S. law firm.

Person

Alan Kay

  • Record ID: PERSON-ALAN-KAY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Alan Kay Computer History Museum Profile (SRC-KAY-CHM)
  • Tags: person, open-source-software, internet-architecture, software-distribution

Alan Kay is a Turing Award-winning computer scientist who pioneered object-oriented programming, led development of Smalltalk, and helped define the personal computing and graphical user interface paradigms at Xerox PARC and ARPA.

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez

  • Record ID: PERSON-ALEXANDRIA-OCASIO-CORTEZ
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About | Representative Ocasio-Cortez (SRC-AOC-BIO), Ocasio-Cortez Introduces House Version of the AI Data Center Moratorium Act (SRC-AOC-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM), NEWS Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez Announce AI Data Center Moratorium Act (SRC-SANDERS-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM), The House Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Final Report (SRC-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE-2024)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is a U.S. Representative from New York who co-announced and later introduced the House companion to the AI Data Center Moratorium Act and served on the 118th Congress House AI Task Force.

Andrew Russell

  • Record ID: PERSON-ANDREW-RUSSELL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Andrew L. Russell Professional Profile (SRC-RUSSELL-PROFILE)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, open-source-software

Andrew Russell is Provost at SUNY Polytechnic Institute and historian of technology whose book Open Standards and the Digital Age documents how open-systems ideology shaped modern internet and networking standards.

Bernie Sanders

  • Record ID: PERSON-BERNIE-SANDERS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About Bernie | U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (SRC-SANDERS-BIO), NEWS Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez Announce AI Data Center Moratorium Act (SRC-SANDERS-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM), S.4214 — Artificial Intelligence Data Center Moratorium Act (119th Congress) (SRC-S4214-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM), Sanders Calls on Tech Giants to Pause Development of Out-of-Control AI (SRC-SANDERS-PAUSE-LETTER-2026), NEWS Sanders, Casar to Introduce Legislation to Ban Artificial Superintelligence and Temporarily Pause Advanced AI Development (SRC-SANDERS-BAN-ASI-ACT)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights

Bernie Sanders is a U.S. Senator from Vermont who, in 2026, proposed slowing advanced AI development through a data-center construction moratorium, a letter demanding that Anthropic, Meta, and OpenAI pause frontier-model work, and announced legislation to ban artificial superintelligence.

Bruce Schneier

  • Record ID: PERSON-BRUCE-SCHNEIER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Bruce Schneier About Page (SRC-SCHNEIER-ABOUT)
  • Tags: person, cryptography, privacy, digital-rights, internet-governance

Bruce Schneier is an internationally renowned security technologist, cryptographer, and author who serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, AccessNow, and the Tor Project, and is a Fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society.

Chuck Schumer

  • Record ID: PERSON-CHUCK-SCHUMER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About Chuck | Senator Chuck Schumer of New York (SRC-SCHUMER-BIO), Following Historic AI Insight Forums, Heinrich Colleagues Reveal Bipartisan Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy (SRC-SENATE-AI-ROADMAP-2024)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Chuck Schumer is a U.S. Senator from New York who led the Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group with Rounds, Heinrich, and Young and released a May 2024 Senate AI policy roadmap after nine Insight Forums.

Cory Booker

  • Record ID: PERSON-CORY-BOOKER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Booker Announces Introduction of Bill to Ban Surveillance Advertising (SRC-BOOKER-SURVEILLANCE-ADVERTISING), Wyden, Paul and Bipartisan Senators Reintroduce the Fourth Amendment is Not for Sale Act (SRC-WYDEN-FOURTH-AMENDMENT-NOT-FOR-SALE), S. 1265, Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act of 2021 (117th Congress) (SRC-FOURTH-AMENDMENT-NOT-FOR-SALE-GOVINFO), Artificial Intelligence Caucus | Senator Martin Heinrich (SRC-HEINRICH-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, surveillance

Cory Booker is a U.S. Senator from New Jersey who has introduced the Banning Surveillance Advertising Act and co-sponsored bipartisan surveillance and civil-liberties reforms including the Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act.

danah boyd

  • Record ID: PERSON-DANAH-BOYD
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: danah boyd Microsoft Research Profile (SRC-BOYD-MSR)
  • Tags: person, privacy, internet-governance, digital-rights

danah boyd is a partner researcher at Microsoft Research, founder of the Data & Society Research Institute, and Distinguished Visiting Professor at Georgetown University who studies social media, algorithmic bias, privacy, and the societal impact of data-driven systems.

David P. Reed

  • Record ID: PERSON-DAVID-REED
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: David P. Reed Official Biography (SRC-REED-BIO)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, distributed-systems, network-protocols

David P. Reed is a computer scientist and co-inventor of the end-to-end principle, a foundational Internet design argument, who participated in early TCP/IP work and designed UDP.

Don Beyer

  • Record ID: PERSON-DON-BEYER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Biography | U.S. Representative Don Beyer (SRC-BEYER-BIO), Beyer, Lawler, Jacobs Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Promote AI Foundation Model Transparency (SRC-BEYER-AI-TRANSPARENCY), Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus (SRC-HOUSE-AI-CAUCUS), The House Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Final Report (SRC-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE-2024)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Don Beyer is a U.S. Representative from Virginia who co-chairs the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus, served on the House AI Task Force, and introduced the AI Foundation Model Transparency Act.

Doris Matsui

  • Record ID: PERSON-DORIS-MATSUI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Biography | Congresswoman Doris Matsui (SRC-MATSUI-BIO), Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus (SRC-HOUSE-AI-CAUCUS)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Doris Matsui is a U.S. Representative from California who co-chairs the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus and is Ranking Member of the House Energy and Commerce Communications and Technology Subcommittee.

Gary Marcus

  • Record ID: PERSON-GARY-MARCUS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: NYU Department of Psychology faculty list — Gary Marcus (SRC-MARCUS-NYU), Blumenthal Questions OpenAI CEO, IBM Privacy Chief, and Leading AI Expert About Establishing Safeguards for Artificial Intelligence (SRC-BLUMENTHAL-AI-HEARING-2023), Gary Marcus and Zack Korman — 5 lessons from the OpenAI / Hugging Face incident (SRC-MARCUS-HF-LESSONS)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, researcher, public-policy

Gary Marcus is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at New York University, a cognitive scientist and AI critic who testified at a 2023 Senate AI oversight hearing and later published analysis of the 2026 OpenAI / Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident.

Greg Casar

  • Record ID: PERSON-GREG-CASAR
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About | Representative Casar (SRC-CASAR-BIO), NEWS Sanders, Casar to Introduce Legislation to Ban Artificial Superintelligence and Temporarily Pause Advanced AI Development (SRC-SANDERS-BAN-ASI-ACT), NEWS Congressman Greg Casar Introduces New Stop AI Price Gouging and Wage Fixing Act (SRC-CASAR-AI-PRICE-GOUGING)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, privacy

Greg Casar is a U.S. Representative from Texas who chairs the Congressional Progressive Caucus, announced the Ban Artificial Superintelligence Act with Bernie Sanders, and introduced the Stop AI Price Gouging and Wage Fixing Act.

Helen Toner

  • Record ID: PERSON-HELEN-TONER
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Helen Toner — Center for Security and Emerging Technology staff profile (SRC-TONER-CSET)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, public-policy, internet-governance, researcher

Helen Toner is Executive Director of Georgetown's Center for Security and Emerging Technology, an AI-governance researcher who has advised policymakers on AI strategy and testified before congressional committees.

Henry Fonda

  • Record ID: PERSON-HENRY-FONDA
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Jane Fonda Relaunches Committee for the First Amendment (CNN) (SRC-CFA-RELAUNCH-CNN)
  • Tags: person, first-amendment, civil-society

Henry Fonda was an actor who, according to contemporary reporting on the 2025 Committee relaunch, was among the Hollywood figures who joined the original Committee for the First Amendment during the McCarthy era.

Ian Clarke

  • Record ID: PERSON-IAN-CLARKE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Ian Clarke — Freenet Project Biography (SRC-CLARKE-FREENET-BIO), A Distributed Decentralised Information Storage and Retrieval System (SRC-CLARKE-DDISRS-1999), Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System (SRC-CLARKE-FREENET-PAPER-2001), Freenet History Page (SRC-FREENET-HISTORY), Freenet Renamed to Hyphanet (SRC-HYPHANET-RENAME), The Guardian — The Dark Side of the Internet (Freenet, 2009) (SRC-GUARDIAN-FREENET-DARK-SIDE-2009), MIT Technology Review — Ian Clarke Innovator Profile (SRC-TR-IAN-CLARKE)
  • Tags: person, researcher, privacy, censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, open-source-software, content-moderation, case-studies

Ian Clarke is a computer scientist who designed Freenet, founded Freenet Project Inc., and later led the 2023 Freenet relaunch while the original network continued as Hyphanet.

Jane Fonda

  • Record ID: PERSON-JANE-FONDA
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Committee for the First Amendment Homepage (SRC-CFA-HOME), Jane Fonda Relaunches Committee for the First Amendment (CNN) (SRC-CFA-RELAUNCH-CNN)
  • Tags: person, first-amendment, civil-society

Jane Fonda is an actor and activist who publicly relaunched the Committee for the First Amendment in October 2025 to oppose government censorship and intimidation of artists and other speakers.

Janet Abbate

  • Record ID: PERSON-JANET-ABBATE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Janet Abbate Virginia Tech Faculty Profile (SRC-ABBATE-VT)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, digital-rights

Janet Abbate is a Virginia Tech professor of science, technology, and society and author of Inventing the Internet, the standard academic history of how ARPANET became the public Internet.

Jay Obernolte

  • Record ID: PERSON-JAY-OBERNOLTE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About | Representative Jay Obernolte (SRC-OBERNOLTE-BIO), Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus (SRC-HOUSE-AI-CAUCUS), The House Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Final Report (SRC-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE-2024)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Jay Obernolte is a U.S. Representative from California who chairs the House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence, co-chairs the Congressional AI Caucus, and holds an M.S. in artificial intelligence from UCLA.

Jonathan Zittrain

  • Record ID: PERSON-JONATHAN-ZITTRAIN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Jonathan L. Zittrain Harvard Law School Faculty Profile (SRC-ZITTRAIN-HLS)
  • Tags: person, digital-rights, internet-governance, privacy

Jonathan Zittrain is the George Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, co-founder of the Berkman Klein Center, and a professor of computer science who is a leading public voice on internet law, platform governance, and digital technology policy.

Josh Hawley

  • Record ID: PERSON-JOSH-HAWLEY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About | Senator Josh Hawley (SRC-HAWLEY-BIO), Chairman Hawley Launches Investigation into OpenAI for Hacking, Existential Risk of AI Products (SRC-HAWLEY-OPENAI-HF-LETTER), S.2938 — Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act of 2025 (119th Congress) (SRC-S2938-AI-RISK-EVALUATION)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, computer-crime, digital-rights

Josh Hawley is a U.S. Senator from Missouri who sponsored the Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act with Richard Blumenthal and, on September 9, 2026, opened a subcommittee investigation of OpenAI over the Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident.

Lauren Weinstein

  • Record ID: PERSON-LAUREN-WEINSTEIN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lauren Weinstein Biography Page (SRC-WEINSTEIN-BIO), Network Neutrality Squad Announcement (SRC-WEINSTEIN-NNSQUAD)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, privacy, digital-rights, censorship-resistance

Lauren Weinstein is an internet pioneer who was present at ARPANET's first site at UCLA, founder of People For Internet Responsibility (PFIR), the Network Neutrality Squad (NNSquad), and the PRIVACY Forum, and a leading voice for net neutrality, internet freedom, and privacy rights.

Lawrence Lessig

  • Record ID: PERSON-LAWRENCE-LESSIG
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lawrence Lessig Harvard Law School Faculty Page (SRC-LESSIG-HARVARD)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, open-source-software, digital-rights, copyright

Lawrence Lessig is the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law School, founder of Stanford's Center for Internet and Society, and author of foundational works on internet law and free culture including Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace and Free Culture.

Margot Kaminski

  • Record ID: PERSON-MARGOT-KAMINSKI
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Margot Kaminski — Berkman Klein Center profile (SRC-KAMINSKI-BERKMAN), Artificial Intelligence Law casebook site — Kaminski, Ohm, and Selbst (SRC-AILA-CASEBOOK)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, privacy, first-amendment, digital-rights

Margot Kaminski is the Moses Lasky Professor of Law at the University of Colorado and Director of the Privacy Initiative at Silicon Flatirons, a scholar of AI law, data privacy, and the First Amendment who is co-authoring a leading AI-law casebook.

Martin Heinrich

  • Record ID: PERSON-MARTIN-HEINRICH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About | Senator Martin Heinrich (SRC-HEINRICH-BIO), Artificial Intelligence Caucus | Senator Martin Heinrich (SRC-HEINRICH-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS), Following Historic AI Insight Forums, Heinrich Colleagues Reveal Bipartisan Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy (SRC-SENATE-AI-ROADMAP-2024)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Martin Heinrich is a U.S. Senator from New Mexico who co-founded the Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus in 2019 and served on the 2024 Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group that released a legislative roadmap.

Matt Blaze

  • Record ID: PERSON-MATT-BLAZE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Matt Blaze Georgetown Faculty Profile (SRC-BLAZE-GEORGETOWN)
  • Tags: person, cryptography, privacy, digital-rights

Matt Blaze is a leading cryptography and secure systems researcher, the McDevitt Chair of Computer Science and Law at Georgetown University, a board member of the Tor Project, and a congressional expert witness on cybersecurity who testified before Congress on the Salt Typhoon telecommunications breach.

Michael McCaul

  • Record ID: PERSON-MICHAEL-MCCAUL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Biography | Congressman Michael McCaul (SRC-MCCAUL-BIO), Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus (SRC-HOUSE-AI-CAUCUS)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Michael McCaul is a U.S. Representative from Texas who co-chairs the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus and previously chaired House Homeland Security and Foreign Affairs.

Mike Lee

  • Record ID: PERSON-MIKE-LEE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Encryption backdoors aren't worth the price (SRC-LEE-ENCRYPTION-BACKDOORS), Lee Introduces Bipartisan Legislation to Secure Privacy Protections for Americans (SRC-LEE-GOVERNMENT-SURVEILLANCE-REFORM), Mike Lee Official Senate Biography (SRC-LEE-SENATE-BIO)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, surveillance, fourth-amendment

Mike Lee is a U.S. Senator from Utah who opposes encryption backdoors, co-authored the Government Surveillance Reform Act with Ron Wyden and Zoe Lofgren, and has introduced bipartisan FISA reform legislation.

Mike Rounds

  • Record ID: PERSON-MIKE-ROUNDS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About Mike | U.S. Senator Mike Rounds (SRC-ROUNDS-BIO), Artificial Intelligence Caucus | Senator Martin Heinrich (SRC-HEINRICH-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS), Following Historic AI Insight Forums, Heinrich Colleagues Reveal Bipartisan Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy (SRC-SENATE-AI-ROADMAP-2024)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Mike Rounds is a U.S. Senator from South Dakota who co-chairs the Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus and served on the 2024 Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group that released a legislative roadmap.

Orin Kerr

  • Record ID: PERSON-ORIN-KERR
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Orin Kerr George Washington University Law Faculty Page (SRC-ORIN-KERR-GWU)
  • Tags: person, digital-rights, privacy, fourth-amendment

Orin Kerr is the Fred C. Stevenson Research Professor at George Washington University Law School and one of the most cited academic authorities on the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, electronic surveillance law, and Fourth Amendment issues in networked environments.

Paul Ohm

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAUL-OHM
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Paul Ohm — Georgetown Law faculty profile (SRC-OHM-GEORGETOWN), Artificial Intelligence Law casebook site — Kaminski, Ohm, and Selbst (SRC-AILA-CASEBOOK)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, computer-crime, privacy, fourth-amendment, digital-rights

Paul Ohm is a Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center whose work spans artificial intelligence and the law, computer crime, privacy, and surveillance, including prior service in DOJ's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section.

Paul Vixie

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAUL-VIXIE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Paul Vixie Internet Hall of Fame Profile (SRC-VIXIE-IHOF)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, network-protocols, cryptography

Paul Vixie is a computer scientist and Internet Hall of Fame inductee known for designing and maintaining BIND, pioneering DNS security extensions, and serving on ICANN and ARIN governance bodies.

Pavel Durov

  • Record ID: PERSON-PAVEL-DUROV
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Telegram Press Info (SRC-TELEGRAM-PRESS), AP News — Russia Accuses Telegram CEO Pavel Durov of Aiding Terrorism (SRC-AP-DUROV-FSB-2026), BBC News — Russia Charges Telegram Founder Pavel Durov with Facilitating Terrorism (SRC-BBC-DUROV-FSB-2026), Meduza — FSB Accuses Durov of Aiding Terrorism and Issues International Arrest Warrant (SRC-MEDUZA-DUROV-FSB-2026), France 24 / AFP — Telegram Boss Durov Charged in France; Lawyer David-Olivier Kaminski Quoted (SRC-FRANCE24-DUROV-KAMINSKI-2024), RFE/RL — Russian Court Orders Telegram App Blocked (2018) (SRC-RFERL-TELEGRAM-BLOCK-2018)
  • Tags: person, secure-messaging, privacy, encryption-law, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Pavel Durov is the founder, owner, and CEO of Telegram; OIR documents Russian and French criminal proceedings alleging platform-related facilitation or moderation failures, including a July 2026 FSB charge and international wanted listing.

Phil Zimmermann

  • Record ID: PERSON-PHIL-ZIMMERMANN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Phil Zimmermann Official Biography (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-BIO), EPIC Alert — Charges Dropped Against Phil Zimmermann (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-INVESTIGATION-CLOSED), Phil Zimmermann — PGP Investigation Closed (Jan. 1996 Declination Text) (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-DECLINATION-1996)
  • Tags: person, cryptography, digital-rights, privacy

Phil Zimmermann is the creator of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) whose 1990s export investigation made him a central figure in the legal fight over civilian access to strong cryptography.

Rand Paul

  • Record ID: PERSON-RAND-PAUL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Dr. Rand Paul Introduces Legislation to Restore and Protect Americans' Fourth Amendment Rights (SRC-PAUL-FOURTH-AMENDMENT), Fox News Op-Ed: Sen. Rand Paul — My FISA Reform Amendment Will Keep America Safe (SRC-PAUL-FISA), Lofgren, Wyden, Paul Introduce Bipartisan Bicameral Aaron's Law (SRC-LOFGREN-AARONS-LAW), Wyden, Paul and Bipartisan Senators Reintroduce the Fourth Amendment is Not for Sale Act (SRC-WYDEN-FOURTH-AMENDMENT-NOT-FOR-SALE), Bipartisan Coalition Introduces USA RIGHTS Act to Reform Secretive Warrantless Spy Program (SRC-WYDEN-USA-RIGHTS-ACT), Wyden and Paul Release Joint Amendments, Call For Votes On Proposals to Expand Surveillance Reforms (SRC-WYDEN-PAUL-SURVEILLANCE-AMENDMENTS)
  • Tags: person, privacy, fourth-amendment, surveillance, digital-rights

Rand Paul is a U.S. Senator from Kentucky who has introduced legislation to protect Fourth Amendment rights in the digital age, including the Fourth Amendment Restoration and Protection Act and amendments to prevent government from compelling companies to weaken encryption.

Richard Blumenthal

  • Record ID: PERSON-RICHARD-BLUMENTHAL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Biography | U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal (SRC-BLUMENTHAL-BIO), Blumenthal Questions OpenAI CEO, IBM Privacy Chief, and Leading AI Expert About Establishing Safeguards for Artificial Intelligence (SRC-BLUMENTHAL-AI-HEARING-2023), Blumenthal Demands Answers from Sam Altman After New Reporting on AI Agents and the Hugging Face Breach (SRC-BLUMENTHAL-OPENAI-HF-LETTER), S.2938 — Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act of 2025 (119th Congress) (SRC-S2938-AI-RISK-EVALUATION)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, computer-crime

Richard Blumenthal is a U.S. Senator from Connecticut who has led Senate AI-oversight hearings and, on September 9, 2026, sent OpenAI CEO Sam Altman a letter demanding records about the Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident.

Ro Khanna

  • Record ID: PERSON-RO-KHANNA
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Rep. Khanna Releases Internet Bill of Rights Principles Endorsed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee (SRC-KHANNA-INTERNET-BILL)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy

Ro Khanna is a U.S. Representative from California (Silicon Valley) who drafted the Internet Bill of Rights principles endorsed by Tim Berners-Lee, advocating for net neutrality, data privacy, universal internet access, and platform transparency.

Robert Kahn

  • Record ID: PERSON-ROBERT-KAHN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Robert E. Kahn CNRI Biography (SRC-KAHN-CNRI)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance

Robert Kahn co-invented TCP/IP with Vint Cerf, led DARPA's Internet program, coined open-architecture networking, and founded CNRI; he is a foundational authority on packet-switched network design and Internet governance.

Ron Rivest

  • Record ID: PERSON-RON-RIVEST
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Ronald L. Rivest MIT CSAIL Profile (SRC-RIVEST-CSAIL)
  • Tags: person, cryptography, privacy, digital-rights

Ron Rivest is an MIT Institute Professor, co-inventor of the RSA public-key cryptosystem, and a leading researcher in cryptography, algorithms, and election security who frequently advises on the feasibility and design of cryptographic systems.

Ron Wyden

  • Record ID: PERSON-RON-WYDEN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Wyden Remarks at Section 230 Briefing Hosted by EFF (SRC-WYDEN-SECTION-230), Wyden Introduces Reforms to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (SRC-WYDEN-AARONS-LAW), Wyden, Paul and Bipartisan Senators Reintroduce the Fourth Amendment is Not for Sale Act (SRC-WYDEN-FOURTH-AMENDMENT-NOT-FOR-SALE), Bipartisan Coalition Introduces USA RIGHTS Act to Reform Secretive Warrantless Spy Program (SRC-WYDEN-USA-RIGHTS-ACT), Wyden on Reintroduction of the EARN IT Act: Political Attacks on Encryption Will Make Children Less Safe (SRC-WYDEN-EARN-IT)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, first-amendment

Ron Wyden is a U.S. Senator from Oregon who co-authored Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, champions encryption and privacy rights, and has introduced legislation including Aaron's Law (CFAA reform), the Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act, and the USA RIGHTS Act.

Ryan Calo

  • Record ID: PERSON-RYAN-CALO
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Ryan Calo — University of Washington School of Law faculty page (SRC-CALO-UW)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, privacy, digital-rights, public-policy

Ryan Calo is the Virginia and Prentice Bloedel Professor at the University of Washington, a co-founder of the UW Tech Policy Lab, and a leading academic on law and artificial intelligence who has testified before the U.S. Senate.

Stuart Russell

  • Record ID: PERSON-STUART-RUSSELL
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Stuart J. Russell — UC Berkeley EECS faculty page (SRC-RUSSELL-BERKELEY)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, researcher, public-policy

Stuart Russell is a UC Berkeley computer scientist, holder of the Smith-Zadeh Chair in Engineering, director of the Center for Human-Compatible AI, and co-author of the standard textbook Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach.

Ted Lieu

  • Record ID: PERSON-TED-LIEU
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Meet Ted | Congressman Ted Lieu (SRC-LIEU-BIO), The House Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Final Report (SRC-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE-2024), Reps Lieu and Moran Introduce Bill to Require Kill Switch for AI Systems That Can Cause Catastrophic Harm (SRC-LIEU-AI-KILL-SWITCH)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Ted Lieu is a U.S. Representative from California who co-chaired the House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence and introduced the AI Kill Switch Act requiring throttle and shutdown capability for powerful AI systems.

Thomas Haigh

  • Record ID: PERSON-THOMAS-HAIGH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Thomas Haigh University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Faculty Profile (SRC-HAIGH-UWM)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, open-source-software

Thomas Haigh is a historian of computing at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, chair of the History department, and co-author of A New History of Modern Computing who specializes in software, data systems, and IT industry history.

Thomas Massie

  • Record ID: PERSON-THOMAS-MASSIE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: House Passes Massie Amendment to Strengthen Privacy and Security (SRC-MASSIE-ENCRYPTION-AMENDMENT)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, privacy, surveillance

Thomas Massie is a U.S. Representative from Kentucky who has led bipartisan House amendments to block government-mandated encryption backdoors and limit surveillance cooperation that weakens security standards.

Tim Berners-Lee

  • Record ID: PERSON-TIM-BERNERS-LEE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Tim Berners-Lee W3C Biography (SRC-BERNERS-LEE-W3C)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, open-source-software, privacy

Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, founded the W3C, and holds faculty appointments at MIT and Oxford; he is a leading voice on open web standards, data sovereignty, and decentralized architectures such as Solid.

Todd Young

  • Record ID: PERSON-TODD-YOUNG
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: About Todd | Senator Young (SRC-YOUNG-BIO), Following Historic AI Insight Forums, Heinrich Colleagues Reveal Bipartisan Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy (SRC-SENATE-AI-ROADMAP-2024), Artificial Intelligence Caucus | Senator Martin Heinrich (SRC-HEINRICH-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS)
  • Tags: person, public-policy, artificial-intelligence

Todd Young is a U.S. Senator from Indiana who served on the 2024 Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group, sits on the Senate AI Caucus, and whose office identifies artificial intelligence as a core legislative focus alongside the CHIPS and Science Act.

Vint Cerf

  • Record ID: PERSON-VINT-CERF
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Vinton G. Cerf Google Research Profile (SRC-CERF-GOOGLE)
  • Tags: person, internet-architecture, internet-governance, digital-rights

Vint Cerf is a computer scientist widely recognized as a co-designer of TCP/IP, a former ICANN chairman and Internet Society founding president, and Google's Chief Internet Evangelist who frequently speaks on internet architecture, governance, and policy.

Whitfield Diffie

  • Record ID: PERSON-WHITFIELD-DIFFIE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Whitfield Diffie Stanford CISAC Profile (SRC-DIFFIE-CISAC)
  • Tags: person, cryptography, digital-rights, privacy

Whitfield Diffie is a cryptographer and Turing Award laureate who co-invented public-key cryptography and has advocated for the legal right to use strong encryption.

Yoshua Bengio

  • Record ID: PERSON-YOSHUA-BENGIO
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Yoshua Bengio — Mila directory profile (SRC-BENGIO-MILA)
  • Tags: person, artificial-intelligence, researcher, public-policy

Yoshua Bengio is a full professor at Université de Montréal, founder of Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, and a 2018 A.M. Turing Award laureate known for deep-learning research and for public work on mitigating catastrophic risks from future AI systems.

Zoe Lofgren

  • Record ID: PERSON-ZOE-LOFGREN
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Lofgren, Wyden, Paul Introduce Bipartisan Bicameral Aaron's Law (SRC-LOFGREN-AARONS-LAW)
  • Tags: person, internet-governance, digital-rights, computer-crime

Zoe Lofgren is a U.S. Representative from California who introduced Aaron's Law to reform the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, working to distinguish common internet activity from harmful attacks and prevent prosecutorial overreach.

Protocol

Domain Name System

  • Record ID: PROTOCOL-DNS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: RFC 1034: Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities (SRC-RFC-1034)
  • Tags: internet-architecture, network-protocols

Domain Name System (DNS) concepts and facilities are described in RFC 1034.

Transmission Control Protocol

  • Record ID: PROTOCOL-TCP
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: RFC 9293: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (SRC-RFC-9293)
  • Tags: internet-architecture, network-protocols

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an internet transport protocol specified by RFC 9293.

Transport Layer Security 1.3

  • Record ID: PROTOCOL-TLS-13
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: RFC 8446: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3 (SRC-RFC-8446)
  • Tags: cryptography, privacy, secure-messaging

Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 is specified by RFC 8446.

Statute

18 U.S.C. § 2232 — Destruction or Removal of Property to Prevent Seizure

  • Record ID: STAT-18-USC-2232
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 18 U.S.C. § 2232 (Cornell LII) (SRC-USC-18-2232-LII), United States v. Tunick — Indictment (N.D. Ga. Nov. 13, 2025) (SRC-TUNICK-INDICTMENT-2025)
  • Tags: statute, privacy, border-search, digital-rights

18 U.S.C. § 2232 criminalizes knowingly destroying, damaging, or otherwise acting to prevent or impair the government’s lawful authority to take property into custody during a search or seizure, with subsection (a) authorizing up to five years’ imprisonment.

California Digital Age Assurance Act (Civ. Code §§ 1798.500–1798.505)

  • Record ID: STAT-CA-DIGITAL-AGE-ASSURANCE-ACT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: California Civil Code Title 1.81.9 — Digital Age Assurance Act (leginfo) (SRC-CA-CIV-1798-500-DIGITAL-AGE-ASSURANCE), California AB 1043 Bill Status — Chaptered October 13, 2025 (SRC-CA-AB-1043-STATUS)
  • Tags: age-verification, privacy, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

California’s Digital Age Assurance Act (AB 1043; Civ. Code Title 1.81.9) requires operating system providers to collect age at account setup and send age-bracket signals to apps, and requires developers to request those signals; effective January 1, 2026 and operative January 1, 2027.

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 U.S.C. § 1030)

  • Record ID: STAT-CFAA-1030
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (SRC-USC-18-1030-LII), 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-18-1030-GOVINFO), Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021) (Cornell LII) (SRC-VAN-BUREN-LII)
  • Tags: computer-crime, digital-rights, internet-governance

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 18 U.S.C. § 1030, is the primary U.S. federal anti-hacking statute, originally enacted in 1984 and substantially amended in 1986, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2002, and 2008, which criminalizes unauthorized access to computers and has been widely criticized for vagueness and prosecutorial overreach.

17 U.S.C. § 512

  • Record ID: STAT-DMCA-512
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 17 U.S.C. § 512 (SRC-USC-17-512-LII), 17 U.S.C. § 512 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-512-GOVINFO), Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007) (SRC-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL-JUSTIA), U.S. Copyright Office Section 512 Resources (SRC-COPYRIGHT-512-INDEX), Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015) (SRC-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL-CA9)
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, intermediary-liability

17 U.S.C. § 512 is a United States copyright statute commonly associated with online service provider safe harbor provisions.

International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1708)

  • Record ID: STAT-IEEPA
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 50 U.S.C. § 1702 — International Emergency Economic Powers (Cornell LII) (SRC-IEEPA-50-USC-1702-LII), Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024) (Justia) (SRC-VAN-LOON-5TH-CIR-JUSTIA)
  • Tags: statute, sanctions, digital-rights

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 50 U.S.C. §§ 1701–1708, authorizes the President to regulate transactions and block property in which foreign countries or nationals have interests during declared national emergencies; OFAC administers related sanctions programs.

Section 230 (47 U.S.C. § 230)

  • Record ID: STAT-SECTION-230
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 47 U.S.C. § 230 (Cornell LII) (SRC-SECTION-230-LII), EFF Section 230 Page (SRC-SECTION-230-EFF)
  • Tags: internet-governance, intermediary-liability, digital-rights, first-amendment

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (47 U.S.C. § 230), enacted in 1996, provides that internet platforms shall not be treated as publishers of user-generated content and protects good-faith content moderation, forming the legal foundation for the modern internet.

Texas App Store Accountability Act (SB 2420 / Bus. & Com. Code ch. 121)

  • Record ID: STAT-TX-APP-STORE-ACCOUNTABILITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Texas SB 2420 — App Store Accountability Act (Enrolled Text) (SRC-TX-SB-2420-ENROLLED), CCIA v. Paxton — Order Granting Preliminary Injunction (W.D. Tex. Dec. 23, 2025) (SRC-CCIA-V-PAXTON-PI-ORDER), Fifth Circuit — Stay Pending Appeal of SB 2420 Preliminary Injunctions (June 4, 2026) (SRC-CA5-SB2420-STAY-ORDER)
  • Tags: age-verification, first-amendment, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

Texas SB 2420, the App Store Accountability Act, adds Business & Commerce Code Chapter 121 requiring app stores to verify user age categories, obtain parental consent for minor downloads and purchases, and requiring developers to age-rate apps; takes effect January 1, 2026 and has been the subject of active First Amendment litigation.

17 U.S.C. § 107

  • Record ID: STAT-USC-107
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-107-GOVINFO), EFF Legal Guide for Bloggers — Intellectual Property (SRC-EFF-BLOGGERS-IP)
  • Tags: copyright, digital-rights

17 U.S.C. § 107 is the U.S. fair use statute, limiting copyright owners' exclusive rights for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.

Technology

GNUnet

  • Record ID: TECH-GNUNET
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: GNUnet About Page (SRC-GNUNET-ABOUT), LWN.net — An Introduction to GNUnet (2005) (SRC-LWN-GNUNET-INTRO-2005)
  • Tags: technology, privacy, censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, open-source-software, content-moderation, case-studies

GNUnet is a Free Software framework for secure, decentralized, privacy-preserving networking that treats keyword spam and untrusted participants as core design problems rather than afterthoughts.

GrapheneOS

  • Record ID: TECH-GRAPHENEOS
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: GrapheneOS Features Overview — Duress PIN/Password (SRC-GRAPHENEOS-FEATURES), TechCrunch — DOJ Accuses American of Wiping Phone with Duress Password (July 24, 2026) (SRC-TECHCRUNCH-TUNICK-DURESS-2026), TechSpot — Prosecutors Charge Atlanta Man After GrapheneOS Phone Wipe (2026) (SRC-TECHSPOT-TUNICK-GRAPHENEOS-2026), United States v. Tunick — Indictment (N.D. Ga. Nov. 13, 2025) (SRC-TUNICK-INDICTMENT-2025)
  • Tags: technology, privacy, open-source-software, cryptography, digital-rights, border-search

GrapheneOS is a privacy- and security-focused open-source mobile operating system for Google Pixel devices that documents an optional duress PIN/password which irreversibly wipes the device when entered.

Hyphanet (formerly Freenet)

  • Record ID: TECH-HYPHANET
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Hyphanet Home Page (SRC-HYPHANET-HOME), Freenet Renamed to Hyphanet (SRC-HYPHANET-RENAME), A Distributed Decentralised Information Storage and Retrieval System (SRC-CLARKE-DDISRS-1999), Hyphanet Web of Trust Plugin README (SRC-HYPHANET-WOT-README), Arne Babenhauserheide — Hyphanet Web of Trust Keeps Communication Friendly (SRC-DRAKETO-WOT-FRIENDLY-2018), The Guardian — The Dark Side of the Internet (Freenet, 2009) (SRC-GUARDIAN-FREENET-DARK-SIDE-2009), LWN.net — An Introduction to GNUnet (2005) (SRC-LWN-GNUNET-INTRO-2005), Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System (SRC-CLARKE-FREENET-PAPER-2001), Freenet History Page (SRC-FREENET-HISTORY)
  • Tags: technology, privacy, censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, open-source-software, content-moderation, case-studies

Hyphanet is the continuation of the original Freenet peer-to-peer network for anonymous, censorship-resistant publishing; it later added Web of Trust spam-resistance after unmoderated forums were disrupted by spam.

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

  • Record ID: TECH-PGP
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Phil Zimmermann Official Biography (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-BIO), Phil Zimmermann — PGP Investigation Closed (Jan. 1996 Declination Text) (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-DECLINATION-1996), EPIC Alert — Charges Dropped Against Phil Zimmermann (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-INVESTIGATION-CLOSED)
  • Tags: technology, cryptography, privacy, open-source-software, export-control, speech-and-code, case-studies, digital-rights

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is public-key encryption software created by Phil Zimmermann and published in 1991; its distribution triggered a multi-year U.S. criminal export investigation that closed without prosecution in 1996.

Samourai Wallet

  • Record ID: TECH-SAMOURAI-WALLET
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Plead Guilty (July 30, 2025) (SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-PLEA-2025), IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Sentenced (Nov. 2025) (SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-SENTENCE-2025)
  • Tags: technology, privacy, privacy-preserving-systems, open-source-risk, developer-rights, case-studies, computer-crime, digital-rights

Samourai Wallet was a Bitcoin privacy wallet whose co-founders pled guilty in 2025 in S.D.N.Y. to conspiracy to operate a money transmitting business knowing it transmitted crime proceeds; government announcements describe mixer features including Whirlpool.

Tornado Cash (Ethereum Mixer Protocol)

  • Record ID: TECH-TORNADO-CASH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024) (Justia) (SRC-VAN-LOON-5TH-CIR-JUSTIA), OFAC FAQ 1076 — Prohibitions Resulting from Tornado Cash Designation (SRC-OFAC-FAQ-1076), U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (Aug. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-AUG-2022)
  • Tags: technology, privacy-preserving-systems, censorship-resistance, open-source-software, tornado-cash, case-studies

Tornado Cash is an open-source Ethereum smart-contract protocol that pools and shuffles cryptocurrency deposits so withdrawals can be made to different addresses, reducing on-chain linkability between deposit and withdrawal.

Topic

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-COPYRIGHT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Copyright Registration Guidance — Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16190 (Mar. 16, 2023) (SRC-USCO-AI-REGISTRATION-GUIDANCE-2023), U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2 — Copyrightability (January 2025) (SRC-USCO-AI-COPYRIGHTABILITY-REPORT-2025), Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025) (SRC-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER-CADC), Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order on Fair Use (N.D. Cal. June 23, 2025) (SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FAIR-USE), Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order Granting Final Approval of Class Action Settlement (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2026) (SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FINAL-APPROVAL), Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 3d 1026 (N.D. Cal. 2025) (SRC-KADREY-V-META-FAIR-USE), Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. Ross Intelligence Inc., No. 1:20-cv-613-SB (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2025) (SRC-THOMSON-REUTERS-V-ROSS-2025), The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Opinion on Motions to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2025) (SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-MTD-2025), Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2025) (SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Complaint (D. Mass. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-COMPLAINT), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2025) (SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-MTD-2025), LG München I, Endurteil v. 11.11.2025 – 42 O 14139/24 (GEMA v. OpenAI) (SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-LG-MUENCHEN-2025), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI Ltd. [2025] EWHC 2863 (Ch) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-EWHC-2025), Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd., Order on Motions to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2024) (SRC-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY-MTD-2024), Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Complaint (C.D. Cal. June 11, 2025) (SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-COMPLAINT), Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Order on Motion to Compel (C.D. Cal. June 15, 2026) (SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-MTC-2026), Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT-2026), Doe 1 v. GitHub, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2024) (SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-MTD-2024), Doe v. GitHub, Inc., CourtListener docket (9th Cir. No. 24-7700) (SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-9THCIR-DOCKET), In re OpenAI, Inc., Copyright Infringement Litigation, JPML Transfer Order (MDL No. 3143) (SRC-JPML-OPENAI-MDL-3143), In re OpenAI, Inc. Copyright Infringement Litigation, Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss Output Claims (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2025) (SRC-IN-RE-OPENAI-OUTPUT-MTD-2025), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2025) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-COMPLAINT), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Order on Motion to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2026) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-MTD-2026), Kneschke v. LAION e.V., LG Hamburg, 310 O 227/23 (Sept. 27, 2024) (SRC-KNESCHKE-LG-HAMBURG-2024), Kneschke v. LAION e.V., OLG Hamburg press report, 5 U 104/24 (Dec. 10, 2025) (SRC-KNESCHKE-OLG-HAMBURG-2025), In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation, Order Granting Motion to Dismiss in Part (N.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2025) (SRC-GOOGLE-GEN-AI-MTD-2025), Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc., Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 2025) (SRC-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY-MTD-2025), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. No. 5:26-cv-00880, Jan. 28, 2026) (SRC-CONCORD-II-COMPLAINT), BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII), Kit Walsh EFF Staff Biography (SRC-WALSH-EFF-BIO)
  • Tags: copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, case-studies

U.S. and comparative copyright issues raised by generative AI, including human authorship of outputs, fair use of training corpora, publisher and music suits, image-generator and studio character cases, German TDM dataset litigation, Google generative-model class claims, and open-source Copilot litigation.

Chatbot Product Liability and User-Harm Litigation

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-HARM-LITIGATION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (M.D. Fla. May 20, 2025) (SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-MTD-2025), Raine v. OpenAI, Inc., Complaint (Cal. Super. Ct. S.F. Cnty. Aug. 26, 2025) (SRC-RAINE-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss or Stay (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2026) (SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-MTD-2026), Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Dec. 29, 2025) (SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Joshi v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Fla. May 10, 2026) (SRC-JOSHI-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC, Complaint (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. June 1, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Florida Attorney General press release announcing civil suit against OpenAI and Sam Altman (June 1, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CIVIL-2026), Florida Attorney General press release announcing criminal investigation of OpenAI (Apr. 21, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CRIMINAL-2026), Tech Justice Law Project update on ChatGPT JCCP No. 5431 (Feb. 3, 2026) (SRC-TJLP-JCCP-5431-2026), National Law Review, California Superior Court Consolidates Product Liability Actions Against OpenAI (May 20, 2026) (SRC-NLR-CHATGPT-JCCP-2026), Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C., Order Granting Summary Judgment (Ga. Super. Ct. Gwinnett Cnty. May 19, 2025) (SRC-WALTERS-V-OPENAI-SJ-2025)
  • Tags: artificial-intelligence, first-amendment, digital-rights, case-studies, intermediary-liability

Inventory of civil and enforcement actions alleging that conversational AI products caused physical, psychological, or reputational harm, including Character.AI wrongful-death claims, ChatGPT suicide and shooting suits, Florida’s Attorney General action, and the Walters hallucination-defamation judgment.

AI Litigation Landscape

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-LITIGATION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025) (SRC-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER-CADC), Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order on Fair Use (N.D. Cal. June 23, 2025) (SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FAIR-USE), Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order Granting Final Approval of Class Action Settlement (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2026) (SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FINAL-APPROVAL), Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 3d 1026 (N.D. Cal. 2025) (SRC-KADREY-V-META-FAIR-USE), Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. Ross Intelligence Inc., No. 1:20-cv-613-SB (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2025) (SRC-THOMSON-REUTERS-V-ROSS-2025), The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Opinion on Motions to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2025) (SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-MTD-2025), The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Order on Rule 12(c) Contributory Claims (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2026) (SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-12C-2026), Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2025) (SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-COMPLAINT), Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (M.D. Fla. May 20, 2025) (SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-MTD-2025), U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2 — Copyrightability (January 2025) (SRC-USCO-AI-COPYRIGHTABILITY-REPORT-2025), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Complaint (D. Mass. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-COMPLAINT), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2025) (SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-MTD-2025), LG München I, Endurteil v. 11.11.2025 – 42 O 14139/24 (GEMA v. OpenAI) (SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-LG-MUENCHEN-2025), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI Ltd. [2025] EWHC 2863 (Ch) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-EWHC-2025), Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd., Order on Motions to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2024) (SRC-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY-MTD-2024), Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Complaint (C.D. Cal. June 11, 2025) (SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-COMPLAINT), Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Order on Motion to Compel (C.D. Cal. June 15, 2026) (SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-MTC-2026), Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT-2026), Doe 1 v. GitHub, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2024) (SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-MTD-2024), Doe v. GitHub, Inc., CourtListener docket (9th Cir. No. 24-7700) (SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-9THCIR-DOCKET), In re OpenAI, Inc., Copyright Infringement Litigation, JPML Transfer Order (MDL No. 3143) (SRC-JPML-OPENAI-MDL-3143), In re OpenAI, Inc. Copyright Infringement Litigation, Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss Output Claims (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2025) (SRC-IN-RE-OPENAI-OUTPUT-MTD-2025), Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Order on Motion to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2026) (SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-MTD-2026), Kneschke v. LAION e.V., LG Hamburg, 310 O 227/23 (Sept. 27, 2024) (SRC-KNESCHKE-LG-HAMBURG-2024), Kneschke v. LAION e.V., OLG Hamburg press report, 5 U 104/24 (Dec. 10, 2025) (SRC-KNESCHKE-OLG-HAMBURG-2025), In re Google Generative AI Copyright Litigation, Order Granting Motion to Dismiss in Part (N.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2025) (SRC-GOOGLE-GEN-AI-MTD-2025), Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc., Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 2025) (SRC-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY-MTD-2025), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. No. 5:26-cv-00880, Jan. 28, 2026) (SRC-CONCORD-II-COMPLAINT), BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT), Raine v. OpenAI, Inc., Complaint (Cal. Super. Ct. S.F. Cnty. Aug. 26, 2025) (SRC-RAINE-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss or Stay (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2026) (SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-MTD-2026), Joshi v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Fla. May 10, 2026) (SRC-JOSHI-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC, Complaint (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. June 1, 2026) (SRC-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT), Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C., Order Granting Summary Judgment (Ga. Super. Ct. Gwinnett Cnty. May 19, 2025) (SRC-WALTERS-V-OPENAI-SJ-2025), Tech Justice Law Project update on ChatGPT JCCP No. 5431 (Feb. 3, 2026) (SRC-TJLP-JCCP-5431-2026)
  • Tags: artificial-intelligence, copyright, first-amendment, digital-rights, case-studies, intermediary-liability

Inventory of major civil actions involving generative AI, spanning copyright of training data and outputs (including music, images, news, code, and datasets), chatbot product-liability and user-harm claims, and adjacent First Amendment issues.

  • Record ID: TOPIC-AI-MUSIC-COPYRIGHT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Complaint (D. Mass. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Answer of Defendant Suno (D. Mass. Aug. 1, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-ANSWER), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Warner plaintiffs’ stipulation of dismissal (D. Mass. Dec. 9, 2025) (SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-WARNER-DISMISSAL), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. June 24, 2024) (SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-COMPLAINT), UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:24-cv-04777) (SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-DOCKET), Sony Music Entertainment v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-UDIO-2026-COMPLAINT), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2025) (SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-MTD-2025), LG München I, Endurteil v. 11.11.2025 – 42 O 14139/24 (GEMA v. OpenAI) (SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-LG-MUENCHEN-2025), Landgericht München I, Pressemitteilung 11/2025 (GEMA v. OpenAI) (SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-PRESS-2025), Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2026) (SRC-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT-2026), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. No. 5:26-cv-00880, Jan. 28, 2026) (SRC-CONCORD-II-COMPLAINT), Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Related Case Order (N.D. Cal. Feb. 18, 2026) (SRC-CONCORD-II-RELATED-2026), BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII)
  • Tags: copyright, artificial-intelligence, digital-rights, case-studies

Music-industry copyright claims against generative AI, covering U.S. sound-recording suits against Suno and Udio, U.S. publisher lyric suits against Anthropic (including Concord II, BMG, and the August 2026 Sony/Warner complaint), and the German first-instance GEMA v. OpenAI judgment.

App Store and Operating System Age-Verification Laws

  • Record ID: TOPIC-APP-STORE-AGE-VERIFICATION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: California Civil Code Title 1.81.9 — Digital Age Assurance Act (leginfo) (SRC-CA-CIV-1798-500-DIGITAL-AGE-ASSURANCE), California AB 1043 Bill Status — Chaptered October 13, 2025 (SRC-CA-AB-1043-STATUS), Texas SB 2420 — App Store Accountability Act (Enrolled Text) (SRC-TX-SB-2420-ENROLLED), CCIA v. Paxton — Order Granting Preliminary Injunction (W.D. Tex. Dec. 23, 2025) (SRC-CCIA-V-PAXTON-PI-ORDER), Fifth Circuit — Stay Pending Appeal of SB 2420 Preliminary Injunctions (June 4, 2026) (SRC-CA5-SB2420-STAY-ORDER), CCIA Litigation Page — CCIA v. Paxton (W.D. Tex.) (SRC-CCIA-SB2420-LITIGATION-PAGE), Texas Tribune — Supreme Court Lets Texas App Age Verification Law Stay in Effect (SRC-TX-TRIBUNE-SB2420-SCOTUS-2026), Louisiana Act No. 185 — App Store Accountability Act (2026) (SRC-LA-ACT-185-ASAA), Alabama HB 161 Enrolled — App Store Accountability Act (SRC-AL-HB161-ENROLLED), Alston & Bird — Challenge to Utah ASAA Voluntarily Dismissed (April 2026) (SRC-ALSTON-UTAH-ASAA-DISMISSAL-2026)
  • Tags: age-verification, first-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, public-policy, internet-governance

Overview of U.S. state laws that pressure app stores and operating systems to verify or signal user age and to gate minors’ app access—covering California’s OS age-bracket signaling act, Texas/Utah/Louisiana/Alabama App Store Accountability Acts, key implementation dates, and major litigation status.

Brain Rot and AI-Generated Meme Characters

  • Record ID: TOPIC-BRAIN-ROT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Oxford University Press — ‘Brain rot’ named Oxford Word of the Year 2024 (SRC-OXFORD-BRAIN-ROT-WOTY-2024), Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2025) (SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-COMPLAINT), Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 5:25-cv-10248) (SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-DOCKET), Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025) (SRC-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER-CADC), Copyright Registration Guidance — Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, 88 Fed. Reg. 16190 (Mar. 16, 2023) (SRC-USCO-AI-REGISTRATION-GUIDANCE-2023), U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2 — Copyrightability (January 2025) (SRC-USCO-AI-COPYRIGHTABILITY-REPORT-2025)
  • Tags: artificial-intelligence, copyright, digital-rights, case-studies

Documents the 2024 lexical sense of “brain rot” and the later copyright fight over AI-generated “brainrot” meme characters used in games such as Steal a Brainrot.

Code as Speech

  • Record ID: TOPIC-CODE-AS-SPEECH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: U.S. Constitution First Amendment (Cornell LII) (SRC-US-CONST-AMEND-I-LII), Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (GovInfo) (SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-GOVINFO), Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (U.S. Reports PDF) (SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-LOC), Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999) (Justia) (SRC-BERNSTEIN-JUSTIA), Junger v. Daley Opinion Text (CMU) (SRC-JUNGER-CMU), Universal City Studios v. Corley Opinion Text (Open Casebook) (SRC-CORLEY-LII)
  • Tags: first-amendment, speech-and-code, digital-rights, constitutional-law, open-source-software, cryptography, copyright

The code-as-speech doctrine concerns whether software source code receives First Amendment protection, tracing Bernstein, Junger, and Corley, and examining whether that protection could extend to open-source development practices.

Computer Fraud and Abuse

  • Record ID: TOPIC-COMPUTER-FRAUD
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (SRC-USC-18-1030-LII), 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-18-1030-GOVINFO), Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021) (Cornell LII) (SRC-VAN-BUREN-LII), Blumenthal Demands Answers from Sam Altman After New Reporting on AI Agents and the Hugging Face Breach (SRC-BLUMENTHAL-OPENAI-HF-LETTER)
  • Tags: computer-crime, technology-law, digital-rights

Computer fraud and abuse in U.S. federal law commonly refers to criminal prohibitions on unauthorized access and related computer activity under 18 U.S.C. § 1030.

Decentralized Moderation in Censorship-Resistant Networks

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DECENTRALIZED-MODERATION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Hyphanet Web of Trust Plugin README (SRC-HYPHANET-WOT-README), Arne Babenhauserheide — Hyphanet Web of Trust Keeps Communication Friendly (SRC-DRAKETO-WOT-FRIENDLY-2018), Arne Babenhauserheide — The Path Towards Decentralized Moderation (SRC-DRAKETO-DECENTRALIZED-MODERATION), The Guardian — The Dark Side of the Internet (Freenet, 2009) (SRC-GUARDIAN-FREENET-DARK-SIDE-2009), LWN.net — An Introduction to GNUnet (2005) (SRC-LWN-GNUNET-INTRO-2005), GNUnet About Page (SRC-GNUNET-ABOUT), Hyphanet Home Page (SRC-HYPHANET-HOME)
  • Tags: censorship-resistance, peer-to-peer-networking, privacy, content-moderation, case-studies, digital-rights, distributed-systems

Case-study topic on how Freenet/Hyphanet and GNUnet confronted spam and abuse when central content moderation conflicted with censorship resistance, including Freenet forum collapse and later Web of Trust filtering.

Documented Proceedings Involving Software Authors and Operators

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DEVELOPER-SOFTWARE-LIABILITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Plead Guilty (July 30, 2025) (SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-PLEA-2025), IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Sentenced (Nov. 2025) (SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-SENTENCE-2025), United States v. Storm / Semenov Indictment (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2023) (SRC-DOJ-STORM-INDICTMENT), SDNY National Security Page — Roman Storm Conviction Note (Aug. 2025) (SRC-DOJ-STORM-CONVICTION-2025), Netherlands v. Pertsev, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (East Brabant District Court, May 14, 2024) (SRC-PERTSEV-ECLI-2024), Treasury Issues First Sanctions on a Virtual Currency Mixer — Blender.io (May 6, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-BLENDER-2022), U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (Aug. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-AUG-2022), Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024) (Justia) (SRC-VAN-LOON-5TH-CIR-JUSTIA), Phil Zimmermann — PGP Investigation Closed (Jan. 1996 Declination Text) (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-DECLINATION-1996), DOJ — First DMCA Indictment Against Sklyarov and Elcomsoft (Aug. 28, 2001) (SRC-DOJ-SKLYAROV-INDICTMENT-2001), DOJ — Sklyarov Enters Agreement in First DMCA Criminal Case (Dec. 13, 2001) (SRC-DOJ-SKLYAROV-AGREE-2001), Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999) (Justia) (SRC-BERNSTEIN-JUSTIA), Junger v. Daley Opinion Text (CMU) (SRC-JUNGER-CMU), Universal City Studios v. Corley Opinion Text (Open Casebook) (SRC-CORLEY-LII), AP News — Russia Accuses Telegram CEO Pavel Durov of Aiding Terrorism (SRC-AP-DUROV-FSB-2026)
  • Tags: developer-rights, open-source-risk, case-studies, computer-crime, sanctions, speech-and-code, copyright, export-control, cryptography, digital-rights

Inventory of documented U.S. and selected foreign proceedings in which people who wrote, published, or operated software faced criminal investigation, prosecution, civil injunction, or OFAC sanctions — organized by legal tool and outcome.

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DEVICE-SEARCH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: United States v. Tunick — Indictment (N.D. Ga. Nov. 13, 2025) (SRC-TUNICK-INDICTMENT-2025), 18 U.S.C. § 2232 (Cornell LII) (SRC-USC-18-2232-LII), GrapheneOS Features Overview — Duress PIN/Password (SRC-GRAPHENEOS-FEATURES), TechCrunch — DOJ Accuses American of Wiping Phone with Duress Password (July 24, 2026) (SRC-TECHCRUNCH-TUNICK-DURESS-2026), United States v. Tunick — Motion to Suppress (Mar. 17, 2026) (SRC-TUNICK-MOTION-SUPPRESS-2026)
  • Tags: fourth-amendment, border-search, privacy, digital-rights, case-studies, open-source-software

Topic on government search and seizure of digital devices—especially at the border—and privacy technologies such as duress wipes that can collide with obstruction or destruction-of-evidence statutes.

DMCA Takedown and Counter-Notification

  • Record ID: TOPIC-DMCA-TAKEDOWN-RESPONSE
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 17 U.S.C. § 512 (SRC-USC-17-512-LII), 17 U.S.C. § 512 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-512-GOVINFO), EFF Legal Guide for Bloggers — Intellectual Property (SRC-EFF-BLOGGERS-IP), Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015) (SRC-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL-CA9), U.S. Copyright Office Section 512 Resources (SRC-COPYRIGHT-512-INDEX)
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, digital-rights, intermediary-liability

U.S. DMCA notice-and-takedown and counter-notification procedure under 17 U.S.C. § 512, documented from statute and cited sources.

End-to-End Encryption and Compelled Access

  • Record ID: TOPIC-END-TO-END-ENCRYPTION
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Signal Official Website (SRC-SIGNAL-HOME), Wyden on Reintroduction of the EARN IT Act: Political Attacks on Encryption Will Make Children Less Safe (SRC-WYDEN-EARN-IT), Encryption backdoors aren't worth the price (SRC-LEE-ENCRYPTION-BACKDOORS), House Passes Massie Amendment to Strengthen Privacy and Security (SRC-MASSIE-ENCRYPTION-AMENDMENT), RFE/RL — Russian Court Orders Telegram App Blocked (2018) (SRC-RFERL-TELEGRAM-BLOCK-2018), Phil Zimmermann Official Biography (SRC-ZIMMERMANN-BIO)
  • Tags: cryptography, encryption-law, secure-messaging, privacy, surveillance, digital-rights, public-policy

Topic on end-to-end encryption systems and government efforts to compel access, weaken standards, or condition intermediary protections in ways critics say undermine strong encryption.

Fair Use and Video

  • Record ID: TOPIC-FAIR-USE-VIDEO
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 17 U.S.C. § 107 (SRC-USC-17-107-LII), 17 U.S.C. § 107 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-107-GOVINFO), EFF Legal Guide for Bloggers — Intellectual Property (SRC-EFF-BLOGGERS-IP), Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015) (SRC-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL-CA9)
  • Tags: copyright, digital-rights

U.S. fair use law as it applies to video that incorporates copyrighted music, footage, clips, or other third-party material, documented from statute and cited sources.

First Amendment

  • Record ID: TOPIC-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: U.S. Constitution First Amendment (Cornell LII) (SRC-US-CONST-AMEND-I-LII), Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-JUSTIA), FIRE Mission Page (SRC-FIRE-MISSION), Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (M.D. Fla. May 20, 2025) (SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-MTD-2025)
  • Tags: constitutional-law, first-amendment, digital-rights, speech-and-code

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution addresses religion, expression, assembly, and petition rights.

Fourth Amendment

  • Record ID: TOPIC-FOURTH-AMENDMENT
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: U.S. Constitution Fourth Amendment (Cornell LII) (SRC-US-CONST-AMEND-IV-LII), Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CARPENTER-LII), Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) (Cornell LII) (SRC-CHATRIE-LII), The Hill — Chad Marlow Opinion on Reverse Warrants / Chatrie (July 30, 2026) (SRC-HILL-MARLOW-REVERSE-WARRANTS-2026)
  • Tags: constitutional-law, fourth-amendment, privacy, digital-rights, surveillance

The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits unreasonable searches and seizures and is a foundational source for privacy and surveillance law.

Intermediary Liability

  • Record ID: TOPIC-INTERMEDIARY-LIABILITY
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 17 U.S.C. § 512 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-512-GOVINFO), Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007) (SRC-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL-JUSTIA), AP News — Russia Accuses Telegram CEO Pavel Durov of Aiding Terrorism (SRC-AP-DUROV-FSB-2026)
  • Tags: intermediary-liability, copyright, digital-rights, safe-harbor

Intermediary liability concerns when online platforms, service providers, or other intermediaries may be held legally responsible for user or third-party content or conduct.

Kademlia

  • Record ID: TOPIC-KADEMLIA
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Kademlia: A Peer-to-Peer Information System Based on the XOR Metric (SRC-KADEMLIA-PAPER)
  • Tags: peer-to-peer-networking, distributed-systems, distributed-hash-tables

Kademlia is a peer-to-peer distributed hash table described in a 2002 paper by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières.

Onion Routing

  • Record ID: TOPIC-ONION-ROUTING
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: Tor Project History Page (SRC-TOR-PROJECT-HISTORY), Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router (SRC-TOR-DESIGN-PAPER)
  • Tags: privacy, censorship-resistance, open-source-software, technical

Onion routing is a technique for anonymous communication over a network in which messages pass through multiple relays in layered encryption.

Online Service Provider Safe Harbor

  • Record ID: TOPIC-SAFE-HARBOR
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: 17 U.S.C. § 512 (SRC-USC-17-512-LII), 17 U.S.C. § 512 (GovInfo) (SRC-USC-17-512-GOVINFO), Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007) (SRC-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL-JUSTIA)
  • Tags: copyright, safe-harbor, intermediary-liability, digital-rights

Safe harbor in U.S. copyright law commonly refers to limitations on intermediary liability for online service providers under 17 U.S.C. § 512.

Tornado Cash Sanctions and Developer Prosecutions

  • Record ID: TOPIC-TORNADO-CASH
  • Status: draft
  • Sources: U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (Aug. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-AUG-2022), Treasury Designates DPRK Weapons Representatives; Tornado Cash Redesignation (Nov. 8, 2022) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-NOV-2022), Tornado Cash Delisting (Mar. 21, 2025) (SRC-TREASURY-TC-DELIST-2025), OFAC FAQ 1076 — Prohibitions Resulting from Tornado Cash Designation (SRC-OFAC-FAQ-1076), Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024) (Justia) (SRC-VAN-LOON-5TH-CIR-JUSTIA), Coin Center v. Yellen, No. 3:22-cv-20375 (N.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2023) (SRC-COIN-CENTER-YELLEN-NDFLA-2023), United States v. Storm / Semenov Indictment (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2023) (SRC-DOJ-STORM-INDICTMENT), SDNY National Security Page — Roman Storm Conviction Note (Aug. 2025) (SRC-DOJ-STORM-CONVICTION-2025), Treasury Designates Roman Semenov, Co-Founder of Tornado Cash (Aug. 23, 2023) (SRC-TREASURY-SEMENOV-2023), Netherlands v. Pertsev, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (East Brabant District Court, May 14, 2024) (SRC-PERTSEV-ECLI-2024), Dutch Judiciary English News — Tornado Cash Developer Jail Sentence (May 2024) (SRC-PERTSEV-RECHTSPRAAK-EN-2024), 50 U.S.C. § 1702 — International Emergency Economic Powers (Cornell LII) (SRC-IEEPA-50-USC-1702-LII)
  • Tags: tornado-cash, case-studies, sanctions, open-source-software, censorship-resistance, privacy-preserving-systems, developer-rights, open-source-risk, digital-rights

Tornado Cash is an open-source Ethereum mixing protocol that was designated by OFAC in 2022, challenged in civil litigation culminating in Van Loon (5th Cir. 2024), delisted in 2025, and remains the subject of developer criminal cases in the United States and the Netherlands.

Sources Referenced in This Handbook

Primary sources cited by knowledge records in this edition. This appendix is not the full OIR bibliography.

Janet Abbate Virginia Tech Faculty Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-ABBATE-VT
  • Status: verified

Official Virginia Tech faculty profile for Janet Abbate describing her research on internet and computing history.

Alex Abdo Knight Institute Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-ABDO-KNIGHT
  • Status: verified

Official Knight First Amendment Institute biography for litigation director Alex Abdo.

American Civil Liberties Union Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-ACLU-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official ACLU contact page with public mailing address, phone numbers, affiliate guidance, and donor/member contact information.

American Civil Liberties Union History Page

  • Source ID: SRC-ACLU-HISTORY
  • Status: verified

Official ACLU history page describing the organization's founding context and civil liberties mission.

Artificial Intelligence Law casebook site — Kaminski, Ohm, and Selbst

  • Source ID: SRC-AILA-CASEBOOK
  • Status: draft

Authors' site for the forthcoming Foundation Press casebook Artificial Intelligence Law by Margot Kaminski, Paul Ohm, and Andrew Selbst, originating in Ohm's Georgetown AI & Law course.

Alabama HB 161 Enrolled — App Store Accountability Act

  • Source ID: SRC-AL-HB161-ENROLLED
  • Status: draft

Official Alabama enrolled HB 161 text requiring app-store age verification and parental consent frameworks, effective January 1, 2027, with Attorney General rulemaking.

Alston & Bird — Challenge to Utah ASAA Voluntarily Dismissed (April 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-ALSTON-UTAH-ASAA-DISMISSAL-2026
  • Status: draft

Law-firm client alert describing CCIA’s February 2026 First Amendment challenge to Utah’s App Store Accountability Act and voluntary dismissal on April 21, 2026 after HB 498 delayed obligations to May 6, 2027 and removed AG enforcement.

Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd., CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 3:23-cv-00201)

  • Source ID: SRC-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket for the visual-artists putative class action against Stability AI, Midjourney, DeviantArt, and Runway.

Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd., Order on Motions to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-ANDERSEN-V-STABILITY-MTD-2024
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order allowing artists’ Copyright Act and some Lanham Act claims against Stability AI, Midjourney, DeviantArt, and Runway to proceed, while dismissing DMCA claims with prejudice.

Ocasio-Cortez Introduces House Version of the AI Data Center Moratorium Act

  • Source ID: SRC-AOC-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM
  • Status: draft

Official House press release announcing introduction of the House companion to Sanders's AI Data Center Moratorium Act on June 24, 2026.

About | Representative Ocasio-Cortez

  • Source ID: SRC-AOC-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez covering education, community-organizing work, and service in Congress from 2019.

AP News — Russia Accuses Telegram CEO Pavel Durov of Aiding Terrorism

  • Source ID: SRC-AP-DUROV-FSB-2026
  • Status: draft

Associated Press report that Russia's FSB charged Pavel Durov with aiding terrorism, alleged Telegram failed to remove channels used for sabotage and terrorism, and placed him on international wanted lists.

Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order on Fair Use (N.D. Cal. June 23, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FAIR-USE
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California summary-judgment order holding that training Anthropic’s Claude models on purchased books was fair use, while pirated library copies were not excused as fair use.

Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, Order Granting Final Approval of Class Action Settlement (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-BARTZ-V-ANTHROPIC-FINAL-APPROVAL
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order granting final approval of a $1.5 billion class settlement covering Anthropic’s past acquisition and copying of listed pirated books.

BBC News — Russia Charges Telegram Founder Pavel Durov with Facilitating Terrorism

  • Source ID: SRC-BBC-DUROV-FSB-2026
  • Status: draft

BBC report that Russia's FSB charged Pavel Durov with facilitating terrorism over alleged Ukrainian recruitment and coordination on Telegram, and that an international arrest warrant was issued.

Yoshua Bengio — Mila directory profile

  • Source ID: SRC-BENGIO-MILA
  • Status: draft

Official Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute directory profile for Yoshua Bengio, covering his Université de Montréal professorship, Turing Award, and AI safety advocacy.

Tim Berners-Lee W3C Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-BERNERS-LEE-W3C
  • Status: verified

Official W3C biography for Sir Tim Berners-Lee describing his invention of the World Wide Web and academic appointments at MIT and Oxford.

Bernstein v. US Dept. of Justice EFF Case Page

  • Source ID: SRC-BERNSTEIN-EFF
  • Status: verified

EFF case page documenting the history and significance of Bernstein v. DOJ.

EFF at 25 - Remembering the Case that Established Code as Speech

  • Source ID: SRC-BERNSTEIN-EFF-25
  • Status: verified

EFF retrospective article on the significance of Bernstein v. DOJ in establishing code as speech and changing encryption export regulations.

Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999) (Justia)

  • Source ID: SRC-BERNSTEIN-JUSTIA
  • Status: verified

Justia reproduction of the Ninth Circuit opinion in Bernstein v. DOJ.

Beyer, Lawler, Jacobs Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Promote AI Foundation Model Transparency

  • Source ID: SRC-BEYER-AI-TRANSPARENCY
  • Status: draft

Official House press release on the AI Foundation Model Transparency Act and identifying Beyer as Congressional AI Caucus co-chair and House AI Task Force member.

Biography | U.S. Representative Don Beyer

  • Source ID: SRC-BEYER-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Don Beyer covering Virginia's 8th District, Ways and Means and Joint Economic Committee service, lieutenant governor and ambassador roles, and education.

Esha Bhandari ACLU Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-BHANDARI-ACLU
  • Status: verified

Official ACLU biography for Esha Bhandari, Director of the Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project.

Matt Blaze Georgetown Faculty Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-BLAZE-GEORGETOWN
  • Status: verified

Georgetown University faculty profile for Matt Blaze describing his research in cryptography, secure systems, and trust management.

Blumenthal Questions OpenAI CEO, IBM Privacy Chief, and Leading AI Expert About Establishing Safeguards for Artificial Intelligence

  • Source ID: SRC-BLUMENTHAL-AI-HEARING-2023
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release on the May 16, 2023 Judiciary Subcommittee hearing titled Oversight of AI, featuring Sam Altman, Christina Montgomery, and Gary Marcus.

Biography | U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal

  • Source ID: SRC-BLUMENTHAL-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Richard Blumenthal covering education, U.S. Attorney and Connecticut Attorney General service, and current Senate committee assignments.

Blumenthal Demands Answers from Sam Altman After New Reporting on AI Agents and the Hugging Face Breach

  • Source ID: SRC-BLUMENTHAL-OPENAI-HF-LETTER
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release and full letter text from Senator Richard Blumenthal to OpenAI CEO Sam Altman (September 9, 2026) seeking records on the Hugging Face incident and related safeguard-evasion reports.

BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-BMG-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

BMG publisher complaint alleging that Anthropic copied BMG musical compositions to train Claude, torrented some works, and removed copyright management information.

Booker Announces Introduction of Bill to Ban Surveillance Advertising

  • Source ID: SRC-BOOKER-SURVEILLANCE-ADVERTISING
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Cory Booker's office announcing the Banning Surveillance Advertising Act.

danah boyd Microsoft Research Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-BOYD-MSR
  • Status: verified

Microsoft Research profile and institutional announcements for danah boyd describing her role as partner researcher and work on social media, algorithmic bias, and youth online behavior.

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-BROWN-V-EMA-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo United States Reports record for Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn.

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-BROWN-V-EMA-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute full text of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn., the Supreme Court decision striking down a California restriction on violent video game sales to minors.

White House — President Bush Signs FISA Amendments Act of 2008

  • Source ID: SRC-BUSH-FISA-SIGNING-2008
  • Status: draft

George W. Bush White House archive statement dated July 10, 2008 announcing the signing of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, including telecom-assistance lawsuit protections.

California AB 1043 Bill Status — Chaptered October 13, 2025

  • Source ID: SRC-CA-AB-1043-STATUS
  • Status: draft

Official California bill status page showing AB 1043 (Digital Age Assurance Act / age verification signals) chaptered by the Secretary of State as Chapter 675, Statutes of 2025, on October 13, 2025.

California Civil Code Title 1.81.9 — Digital Age Assurance Act (leginfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-CA-CIV-1798-500-DIGITAL-AGE-ASSURANCE
  • Status: draft

Official California Legislative Information text of Civil Code §§ 1798.500–1798.505 (Digital Age Assurance Act), requiring OS age interfaces and age-bracket signals to apps, operative January 1, 2027.

Fifth Circuit — Stay Pending Appeal of SB 2420 Preliminary Injunctions (June 4, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-CA5-SB2420-STAY-ORDER
  • Status: draft

Published Fifth Circuit order staying universal preliminary injunctions against Texas SB 2420 in consolidated appeals including CCIA v. Paxton, No. 26-50001, filed June 4, 2026.

Ryan Calo — University of Washington School of Law faculty page

  • Source ID: SRC-CALO-UW
  • Status: draft

Official UW Law faculty page for Ryan Calo, Virginia and Prentice Bloedel Professor, covering AI, robotics, and privacy scholarship and Senate testimony.

Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-CARPENTER-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo United States Reports record for Carpenter v. United States.

Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018) (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-CARPENTER-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for the Supreme Court decision on Fourth Amendment protection for historical cell-site location records.

NEWS Congressman Greg Casar Introduces New Stop AI Price Gouging and Wage Fixing Act

  • Source ID: SRC-CASAR-AI-PRICE-GOUGING
  • Status: draft

Official House press release announcing Casar's Stop AI Price Gouging and Wage Fixing Act, described as a ban on using AI to set prices or wages from personal data.

About | Representative Casar

  • Source ID: SRC-CASAR-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Greg Casar covering Texas's 35th District, Congressional Progressive Caucus chair role, Austin City Council service, and January 2023 swearing-in.

CCIA Litigation Page — CCIA v. Paxton (W.D. Tex.)

  • Source ID: SRC-CCIA-SB2420-LITIGATION-PAGE
  • Status: draft

Computer & Communications Industry Association case page summarizing the SB 2420 challenge timeline, including the December 2025 injunction, June 2026 Fifth Circuit stay, and July 2026 Supreme Court denial of an emergency application to vacate the stay.

CCIA v. Paxton — Order Granting Preliminary Injunction (W.D. Tex. Dec. 23, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-CCIA-V-PAXTON-PI-ORDER
  • Status: draft

Western District of Texas order in Computer & Communications Industry Association v. Paxton, No. 1:25-CV-1660-RP, granting a preliminary injunction against enforcement of Texas SB 2420.

Center for Democracy and Technology About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-CDT-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page of the Center for Democracy and Technology describing its mission and nonprofit status.

Center for Democracy and Technology Who We Are Page

  • Source ID: SRC-CDT-WHO
  • Status: verified

Official who-we-are page of CDT describing organizational focus and values.

Vinton G. Cerf Google Research Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-CERF-GOOGLE
  • Status: verified

Google Research profile for Vinton G. Cerf describing his role as Chief Internet Evangelist and co-designer of TCP/IP.

Committee for the First Amendment Homepage

  • Source ID: SRC-CFA-HOME
  • Status: verified

Official homepage of the Committee for the First Amendment describing its mission, joint statement, and timeline of press and creative-expression events.

Committee for the First Amendment Join Page

  • Source ID: SRC-CFA-JOIN
  • Status: verified

Official join page inviting entertainment-industry colleagues to sign the Committee's statement.

Jane Fonda Relaunches Committee for the First Amendment (CNN)

  • Source ID: SRC-CFA-RELAUNCH-CNN
  • Status: verified

CNN reporting on Jane Fonda's October 2025 relaunch of the Committee for the First Amendment, including signatory count and historical context.

Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-CHATRIE-LII
  • Status: draft

Cornell LII page for the Supreme Court decision holding that police conduct a Fourth Amendment search when they acquire an individual’s Google Location History data via a geofence warrant process; vacated and remanded on warrant reasonableness questions.

Chatrie v. United States, No. 25-112 (June 29, 2026) (Supreme Court slip opinion PDF)

  • Source ID: SRC-CHATRIE-SCOTUS-PDF
  • Status: draft

Official Supreme Court slip opinion PDF for Chatrie v. United States (geofence / Location History Fourth Amendment search holding; vacated and remanded).

Pamela Chestek About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-CHESTEK-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official Chestek Legal about page for attorney Pamela Chestek's trademark, copyright, and open source practice.

A Distributed Decentralised Information Storage and Retrieval System

  • Source ID: SRC-CLARKE-DDISRS-1999
  • Status: draft

Ian Clarke's 1999 University of Edinburgh undergraduate report describing a decentralized key-indexed storage and retrieval system that became the foundation for Freenet (later Hyphanet).

Ian Clarke — Freenet Project Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-CLARKE-FREENET-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Freenet project biography for Ian Clarke describing him as Freenet's creator and Freenet Project Inc. president, and summarizing education, publications, and the 2023 relaunch.

Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System

  • Source ID: SRC-CLARKE-FREENET-PAPER-2001
  • Status: draft

2001 workshop paper by Clarke, Sandberg, Wiley, and Hong describing Freenet's anonymous peer-to-peer storage and retrieval design goals and architecture.

Cindy Cohn EFF Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-COHN-EFF-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official EFF biography page for Cindy Cohn documenting her role and career history. Original URL now returns 403; archived copy available.

EFF Press Release - Cindy Cohn Stepping Down

  • Source ID: SRC-COHN-EFF-DEPARTURE
  • Status: verified

EFF press release announcing Cindy Cohn's departure as Executive Director after 25 years with the organization.

FOSS Force - Cohn Returns to the Courtroom

  • Source ID: SRC-COHN-FOSSFORCE
  • Status: verified

FOSS Force article reporting Cindy Cohn's plan to return to courtroom litigation after departing as EFF Executive Director.

Coin Center v. Yellen, No. 3:22-cv-20375 (N.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2023)

  • Source ID: SRC-COIN-CENTER-YELLEN-NDFLA-2023
  • Status: draft

Northern District of Florida summary-judgment opinion upholding OFAC’s Tornado Cash designation.

Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. No. 5:26-cv-00880, Jan. 28, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-CONCORD-II-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Second Concord/UMG/ABKCO publisher complaint against Anthropic, Dario Amodei, and Benjamin Mann alleging torrenting of books containing musical compositions and later Claude training and outputs.

  • Source ID: SRC-CONCORD-II-RELATED-2026
  • Status: draft

Order relating Concord II (No. 5:26-cv-00880) to Concord I (No. 5:24-cv-03811) before Judge Eumi K. Lee.

Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 5:24-cv-03811)

  • Source ID: SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket for the music-publisher lyric-copyright action against Anthropic, including the original Tennessee filing date reflected on the transferred complaint.

Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss FAC (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-CONCORD-V-ANTHROPIC-MTD-2025
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order allowing music publishers’ amended claims for secondary copyright infringement and DMCA CMI removal against Anthropic to proceed.

Cooley Technology Industry Practice Page

  • Source ID: SRC-COOLEY-TECH
  • Status: draft

Official Cooley LLP practice page describing the firm's technology industry representation.

  • Source ID: SRC-COPYRIGHT-512-INDEX
  • Status: verified

U.S. Copyright Office index page for Section 512 of the Copyright Act, including safe harbor and notice-and-takedown guidance.

Universal City Studios v. Corley Opinion Text (Open Casebook)

  • Source ID: SRC-CORLEY-LII
  • Status: verified

Text of the Second Circuit opinion in Universal City Studios v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001).

CourtListener Docket — United States v. Tunick (1:25-cr-00499)

  • Source ID: SRC-COURTLISTENER-TUNICK-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket page for United States v. Tunick in the Northern District of Georgia, including indictment, not-guilty plea, and motion-to-suppress hearing entries.

Whitfield Diffie Stanford CISAC Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-DIFFIE-CISAC
  • Status: verified

Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation profile for Whitfield Diffie describing public-key cryptography and policy work.

Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Complaint (C.D. Cal. June 11, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Studio complaint alleging that Midjourney copied Disney and Universal character works to train an image generator and that the service outputs unauthorized reproductions and derivatives.

Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. Midjourney, Inc., Order on Motion to Compel (C.D. Cal. June 15, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-DISNEY-V-MIDJOURNEY-MTC-2026
  • Status: draft

Magistrate discovery order in the consolidated Disney/Universal/Warner Bros. action against Midjourney, limiting compelled production of the studios’ own generative-AI materials to consumer-facing uses of the asserted works.

Doe v. GitHub, Inc., CourtListener docket (9th Cir. No. 24-7700)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-9THCIR-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

Ninth Circuit CourtListener docket for the interlocutory appeal from the Northern District of California Copilot / GitHub copyright-management-information order.

Doe 1 v. GitHub, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOE-V-GITHUB-MTD-2024
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order dismissing with prejudice open-source developers’ DMCA § 1202(b) claims against GitHub, Microsoft, and OpenAI entities, while allowing breach-of-open-source-license claims to proceed.

DOJ — Sklyarov Enters Agreement in First DMCA Criminal Case (Dec. 13, 2001)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOJ-SKLYAROV-AGREE-2001
  • Status: draft

DOJ Cybercrime archive press release on Dmitry Sklyarov’s deferred-prosecution agreement in the first DMCA criminal case.

DOJ — First DMCA Indictment Against Sklyarov and Elcomsoft (Aug. 28, 2001)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOJ-SKLYAROV-INDICTMENT-2001
  • Status: draft

Archived DOJ press release announcing the first DMCA criminal indictment against Dmitry Sklyarov and Elcomsoft Co. Ltd.

SDNY National Security Page — Roman Storm Conviction Note (Aug. 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOJ-STORM-CONVICTION-2025
  • Status: draft

U.S. Attorney’s Office SDNY page stating Roman Storm was convicted in August 2025 of conspiring to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business.

United States v. Storm / Semenov Indictment (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2023)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOJ-STORM-INDICTMENT
  • Status: draft

DOJ-hosted indictment charging Roman Storm and Roman Semenov with money-laundering, unlicensed money-transmitting, and IEEPA conspiracies related to Tornado Cash.

Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:24-cv-07984)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket for the Wall Street Journal and New York Post copyright action against Perplexity AI.

Dow Jones & Co. v. Perplexity AI, Inc., Opinion Denying Motion to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-DOW-JONES-V-PERPLEXITY-MTD-2025
  • Status: draft

Southern District of New York opinion denying Perplexity’s motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and improper venue, denying transfer, and allowing later-registered works to remain in the case.

Arne Babenhauserheide — The Path Towards Decentralized Moderation

  • Source ID: SRC-DRAKETO-DECENTRALIZED-MODERATION
  • Status: draft

Essay arguing that Hyphanet/Freenet could not use centralized moderation and instead propagated user blocking through Web of Trust mechanisms so disruption would not scale better than defense.

Arne Babenhauserheide — Hyphanet Web of Trust Keeps Communication Friendly

  • Source ID: SRC-DRAKETO-WOT-FRIENDLY-2018
  • Status: draft

2018 essay by Hyphanet contributor Arne Babenhauserheide arguing that Frost forums collapsed under anonymous spam and that Web of Trust systems restored constructive communication.

Electronic Frontier Foundation About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-EFF-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official EFF about page describing the organization's mission, history, and nonprofit status.

  • Source ID: SRC-EFF-BLOGGERS-IP
  • Status: verified

Electronic Frontier Foundation guide explaining fair use, DMCA takedown and counter-notice procedures, and related intellectual property questions for online creators.

Electronic Frontier Foundation Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-EFF-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official EFF contact page with public legal assistance, general information, press, membership, and headquarters contact paths.

EFF Case Page — US v. ElcomSoft / Sklyarov

  • Source ID: SRC-EFF-SKLYAROV-CASE
  • Status: draft

EFF case page documenting the Sklyarov/ElcomSoft DMCA prosecution, deferred prosecution of Sklyarov, and related materials.

EPIC About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-EPIC-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official Electronic Privacy Information Center about page describing its privacy, free expression, and litigation mission.

EPIC Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-EPIC-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official Electronic Privacy Information Center contact page with mailing address, phone, and inquiry emails.

Katie Fallow Knight Institute Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-FALLOW-KNIGHT
  • Status: verified

Official Knight First Amendment Institute biography for deputy litigation director Katie Fallow.

FBI Wanted — Roman Semenov

  • Source ID: SRC-FBI-SEMENOV
  • Status: draft

FBI Wanted poster for Roman Semenov describing charges related to Tornado Cash and listing him as a fugitive.

Fenwick & West Firm History Page

  • Source ID: SRC-FENWICK-HISTORY
  • Status: draft

Official Fenwick & West page documenting the firm's history and pioneering role in technology law.

Fenwick Technology Transactions Practice Page

  • Source ID: SRC-FENWICK-TECH
  • Status: draft

Official Fenwick & West practice page describing the Technology Transactions group.

FIRE Mission Page

  • Source ID: SRC-FIRE-MISSION
  • Status: draft

Official FIRE mission page describing free speech/free thought advocacy, campus emphasis, 1999 founding as Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, 2022 rename, and 501(c)(3) status.

FIRE Case Page — Prabhakar v. Hawkins et al.

  • Source ID: SRC-FIRE-PRABHAKAR-CASE
  • Status: draft

FIRE advocacy case page describing representation of Florida professor Vinita Prabhakar in a July 29, 2026 federal lawsuit against South Florida State College officials over termination after a literature assignment.

FIRE Submit a Case Page

  • Source ID: SRC-FIRE-SUBMIT-CASE
  • Status: draft

Official FIRE case-submission page describing the confidential online intake form, Faculty Legal Defense Fund and Student Press Freedom Initiative hotlines, and attorney-client disclaimer.

FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-261)

  • Source ID: SRC-FISA-AMENDMENTS-ACT-2008-CONGRESS
  • Status: draft

Congress.gov public-law text for the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, enacted July 10, 2008 as Public Law 110-261.

Florida Attorney General press release announcing civil suit against OpenAI and Sam Altman (June 1, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CIVIL-2026
  • Status: draft

Official Florida Attorney General announcement of a first-in-the-nation state civil action against OpenAI and CEO Sam Altman over alleged deceptive practices and user harms.

Florida Attorney General press release announcing criminal investigation of OpenAI (Apr. 21, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-FLORIDA-AG-OPENAI-CRIMINAL-2026
  • Status: draft

Official announcement that Florida’s Office of Statewide Prosecution opened a criminal investigation into whether OpenAI bears responsibility for ChatGPT’s role in the April 17, 2025 Florida State University shooting.

Florida v. OpenAI Global, LLC, Complaint (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. June 1, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-FLORIDA-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Florida Attorney General civil complaint against OpenAI entities and Sam Altman alleging FDUTPA violations, negligence, product-liability, fraudulent misrepresentation, and public nuisance.

S. 1265, Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act of 2021 (117th Congress)

  • Source ID: SRC-FOURTH-AMENDMENT-NOT-FOR-SALE-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Introduced Senate bill text for the Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act, listing original sponsors and co-sponsors.

France 24 / AFP — Telegram Boss Durov Charged in France; Lawyer David-Olivier Kaminski Quoted

  • Source ID: SRC-FRANCE24-DUROV-KAMINSKI-2024
  • Status: draft

AFP/France 24 report that French authorities charged Pavel Durov in August 2024 over alleged platform-related offenses, quoting defense lawyer David-Olivier Kaminski.

Freenet History Page

  • Source ID: SRC-FREENET-HISTORY
  • Status: draft

Official Freenet history page describing Ian Clarke's 1999 Edinburgh origins, the Locutus rebrand to Freenet in 2023, and the spin-off of the original codebase as Hyphanet.

Free Software Foundation About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-FSF-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page of the Free Software Foundation describing its worldwide mission.

Free Software Foundation Press Information

  • Source ID: SRC-FSF-PRESS
  • Status: verified

Official press page of the Free Software Foundation with founding date and mission summary.

Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Complaint (M.D. Fla. Oct. 22, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Wrongful-death and product-liability complaint alleging that a Character.AI chatbot contributed to the death of a 14-year-old user.

Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., Order on Motions to Dismiss (M.D. Fla. May 20, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-GARCIA-V-CHARACTER-MTD-2025
  • Status: draft

Middle District of Florida order allowing most product-liability and negligence claims against Character.AI and Google to proceed while dismissing IIED and Alphabet Inc.

LG München I, Endurteil v. 11.11.2025 – 42 O 14139/24 (GEMA v. OpenAI)

  • Source ID: SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-LG-MUENCHEN-2025
  • Status: draft

First-instance Munich judgment holding that memorization of nine German song lyrics in GPT-4 and GPT-4o, and output of those lyrics, infringed German and EU copyright and was not covered by the text-and-data-mining exception.

Landgericht München I, Pressemitteilung 11/2025 (GEMA v. OpenAI)

  • Source ID: SRC-GEMA-V-OPENAI-PRESS-2025
  • Status: draft

Official court press release summarizing the November 11, 2025 GEMA v. OpenAI judgment and stating that the decision is not final.

Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI Ltd. [2025] EWHC 2863 (Ch)

  • Source ID: SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-EWHC-2025
  • Status: draft

High Court of England and Wales trial judgment dismissing Getty’s secondary copyright claim against Stable Diffusion and finding limited historic trade-mark infringement from generated watermarks.

Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Getty Images complaint alleging that Stability AI copied millions of Getty photographs to train Stable Diffusion and infringed copyrights and trademarks.

Getty Images (US), Inc. v. Stability AI, Ltd., Order on Motion to Dismiss (N.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-GETTY-V-STABILITY-US-MTD-2026
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order dismissing Getty’s DMCA § 1202(a) false-CMI claim without prejudice and allowing trademark and California unfair-competition claims to proceed.

GNUnet About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-GNUNET-ABOUT
  • Status: draft

Official GNUnet about page describing the project as a Free Software stack for secure, decentralized, privacy-preserving networking and stating it remains early alpha despite its age.

  • Source ID: SRC-GOOGLE-GEN-AI-MTD-2025
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order dismissing with prejudice direct-infringement claims as to specified Google models and vicarious claims against Alphabet, while leaving training claims as to Bard, Gemini, Imagen, and related models for later stages.

Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 593 U.S. ___ (2021) (Justia)

  • Source ID: SRC-GOOGLE-ORACLE-JUSTIA
  • Status: draft

Justia reproduction of the Supreme Court opinion in Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.

Jennifer Granick ACLU Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-GRANICK-ACLU-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official ACLU biography page for Jennifer Granick documenting her role as surveillance and cybersecurity counsel.

GrapheneOS Features Overview — Duress PIN/Password

  • Source ID: SRC-GRAPHENEOS-FEATURES
  • Status: draft

Official GrapheneOS features documentation describing the optional duress PIN/password that irreversibly wipes the device and installed eSIMs when entered.

The Guardian — The Dark Side of the Internet (Freenet, 2009)

  • Source ID: SRC-GUARDIAN-FREENET-DARK-SIDE-2009
  • Status: draft

2009 Guardian feature on Freenet reporting Ian Clarke's refusal to add child-pornography filters on the ground that content filtering would end Freenet's censorship resistance.

Thomas Haigh University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Faculty Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-HAIGH-UWM
  • Status: verified

Official UWM History Department faculty profile for Thomas Haigh describing his research on the history of computing and information technology.

About | Senator Josh Hawley

  • Source ID: SRC-HAWLEY-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Josh Hawley covering Missouri attorney general service, Stanford and Yale education, and current Senate committee assignments.

Chairman Hawley Launches Investigation into OpenAI for Hacking, Existential Risk of AI Products

  • Source ID: SRC-HAWLEY-OPENAI-HF-LETTER
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release reprinting Josh Hawley's September 9, 2026 letter to OpenAI CEO Sam Altman opening a subcommittee investigation of the Hugging Face agent-intrusion incident, with a document demand by October 1, 2026.

About | Senator Martin Heinrich

  • Source ID: SRC-HEINRICH-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Martin Heinrich covering engineering background, House service, Senate tenure from 2012, and Energy and Natural Resources ranking membership.

Artificial Intelligence Caucus | Senator Martin Heinrich

  • Source ID: SRC-HEINRICH-SENATE-AI-CAUCUS
  • Status: draft

Official Senate page for the bipartisan Senate Artificial Intelligence Caucus, describing its 2019 founding, co-chairs, membership list, and claimed legislative accomplishments.

Hugging Face — Anatomy of a Frontier Lab Agent Intrusion (July 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-HF-AGENT-INTRUSION-TIMELINE
  • Status: draft

Hugging Face technical companion to its July 2026 incident disclosure, reconstructing attacker actions, initial-access vectors, and the ExploitGym evaluation context.

Hugging Face — Security incident disclosure (July 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-HF-SECURITY-INCIDENT-JULY-2026
  • Status: draft

Hugging Face's July 16, 2026 public disclosure of an intrusion into production infrastructure that the company described as driven end-to-end by an autonomous AI agent.

The Hill — Chad Marlow Opinion on Reverse Warrants / Chatrie (July 30, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-HILL-MARLOW-REVERSE-WARRANTS-2026
  • Status: draft

ACLU senior policy counsel Chad Marlow’s Hill opinion essay arguing that Chatrie v. United States and a Delaware reverse-keyword-warrant bill mark a privacy watershed against reverse (geofence/keyword) warrants.

Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus

  • Source ID: SRC-HOUSE-AI-CAUCUS
  • Status: draft

Official House caucus site describing the Congressional Artificial Intelligence Caucus mission and naming co-chairs Donald S. Beyer, Michael T. McCaul, Jay Obernolte, and Doris O. Matsui.

The House Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Final Report

  • Source ID: SRC-HOUSE-AI-TASK-FORCE-2024
  • Status: draft

Official House page from Rep. Jay Obernolte describing the 118th Congress bipartisan AI Task Force co-chaired with Ted Lieu, its 24 members, and the December 2024 final report.

Hyphanet Home Page

  • Source ID: SRC-HYPHANET-HOME
  • Status: draft

Official Hyphanet project home page describing the formerly Freenet censorship-resistant peer-to-peer network and its plugins for publishing and spam resistance.

Freenet Renamed to Hyphanet

  • Source ID: SRC-HYPHANET-RENAME
  • Status: draft

Official Hyphanet announcement explaining that the original Freenet project renamed to Hyphanet in 2023 after Freenet Project, Inc. reused the Freenet name for Locutus.

Hyphanet Web of Trust Plugin README

  • Source ID: SRC-HYPHANET-WOT-README
  • Status: draft

Official Web of Trust plugin README explaining collaborative spam filtering for Freenet/Hyphanet when censorship cannot remove content and attackers drown it in spam.

50 U.S.C. § 1702 — International Emergency Economic Powers (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-IEEPA-50-USC-1702-LII
  • Status: draft

Cornell LII page for 50 U.S.C. § 1702, the IEEPA provision authorizing regulation of property in which foreign nations or nationals have interests.

Institute for Free Speech About Us Page

  • Source ID: SRC-IFS-ABOUT-US
  • Status: verified

Official Institute for Free Speech about page describing its First Amendment political speech litigation and advocacy mission.

Institute for Justice About Us Page

  • Source ID: SRC-IJ-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page of the Institute for Justice describing its mission and practice areas.

Institute for Justice First Amendment Practice Area

  • Source ID: SRC-IJ-FIRST-AMENDMENT
  • Status: verified

Official First Amendment issues page of the Institute for Justice describing its free speech litigation.

  • Source ID: SRC-IN-RE-OPENAI-OUTPUT-MTD-2025
  • Status: draft

Southern District of New York order holding that author class plaintiffs adequately pleaded ChatGPT output-based copyright infringement, without deciding fair use.

IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Plead Guilty (July 30, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-PLEA-2025
  • Status: draft

IRS Criminal Investigation announcement of guilty pleas by Samourai Wallet co-founders Keonne Rodriguez and William Lonergan Hill.

IRS-CI — Samourai Wallet Founders Sentenced (Nov. 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-IRS-SAMOURAI-SENTENCE-2025
  • Status: draft

IRS Criminal Investigation announcement of prison sentences for Samourai Wallet co-founders Rodriguez and Hill.

Jameel Jaffer Knight Institute Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-JAFFER-KNIGHT
  • Status: verified

Official Knight First Amendment Institute biography for executive director Jameel Jaffer.

EFF Jewel v. NSA Case Page - Supreme Court Rejection

  • Source ID: SRC-JEWEL-V-NSA-EFF
  • Status: verified

EFF case page documenting the Supreme Court's 2022 rejection of Jewel v. NSA, ending the flagship mass surveillance challenge without a ruling on the merits.

Joshi v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Fla. May 10, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-JOSHI-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Wrongful-death and product-liability complaint alleging that ChatGPT assisted planning of the April 17, 2025 Florida State University shooting that killed Tiru Chabba.

  • Source ID: SRC-JPML-OPENAI-MDL-3143
  • Status: draft

Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation order centralizing OpenAI copyright actions in the Southern District of New York before Judge Sidney H. Stein.

Junger v. Daley ACLU Ohio Case Page

  • Source ID: SRC-JUNGER-ACLU-OHIO
  • Status: verified

ACLU of Ohio case page documenting Junger v. Daley, 209 F.3d 481 (6th Cir. 2000).

Junger v. Daley Opinion Text (CMU)

  • Source ID: SRC-JUNGER-CMU
  • Status: verified

Full text of the Sixth Circuit opinion in Junger v. Daley hosted by Carnegie Mellon University.

Kademlia: A Peer-to-Peer Information System Based on the XOR Metric

  • Source ID: SRC-KADEMLIA-PAPER
  • Status: verified

Foundational 2002 conference paper by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières describing the Kademlia distributed hash table.

Kadrey v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 3d 1026 (N.D. Cal. 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-KADREY-V-META-FAIR-USE
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order granting Meta summary judgment on fair use for copying thirteen authors’ books as Llama training data on the record presented.

Robert E. Kahn CNRI Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-KAHN-CNRI
  • Status: verified

Official CNRI biography for Robert E. Kahn describing his co-invention of TCP/IP, DARPA Internet program leadership, and founding role at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives.

Margot Kaminski — Berkman Klein Center profile

  • Source ID: SRC-KAMINSKI-BERKMAN
  • Status: draft

Berkman Klein Center profile identifying Margot Kaminski as Moses Lasky Professor of Law at Colorado Law, Privacy Initiative director, and co-author of an AI law casebook.

Alan Kay Computer History Museum Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-KAY-CHM
  • Status: verified

Computer History Museum fellow profile for Alan Kay describing object-oriented programming, Smalltalk, and personal computing contributions.

Rep. Khanna Releases Internet Bill of Rights Principles Endorsed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee

  • Source ID: SRC-KHANNA-INTERNET-BILL
  • Status: draft

Press release from Representative Ro Khanna's office announcing the Internet Bill of Rights principles endorsed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

Kneschke v. LAION e.V., LG Hamburg, 310 O 227/23 (Sept. 27, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-KNESCHKE-LG-HAMBURG-2024
  • Status: draft

Hamburg Regional Court first-instance judgment dismissing a photographer’s claim against LAION, holding that downloading an image to build a training dataset was covered by the scientific-research text-and-data-mining exception.

Kneschke v. LAION e.V., OLG Hamburg press report, 5 U 104/24 (Dec. 10, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-KNESCHKE-OLG-HAMBURG-2025
  • Status: draft

Hanseatic Higher Regional Court report that the photographer’s appeal was dismissed and that LAION’s dataset download was covered by both § 44b and § 60d UrhG.

Knight First Amendment Institute About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-KNIGHT-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page of the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University.

Knight First Amendment Institute Contact and FAQ Page

  • Source ID: SRC-KNIGHT-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official FAQ and contact information for the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University.

Louisiana Act No. 185 — App Store Accountability Act (2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-LA-ACT-185-ASAA
  • Status: draft

Official Louisiana enrolled Act No. 185 text re-enacting app-store age verification and parental-consent duties with substantive provisions effective July 1, 2027.

Encryption backdoors aren't worth the price

  • Source ID: SRC-LEE-ENCRYPTION-BACKDOORS
  • Status: draft

Official Senate statement from Senator Mike Lee opposing federal mandates for encryption backdoors.

Lee Introduces Bipartisan Legislation to Secure Privacy Protections for Americans

  • Source ID: SRC-LEE-GOVERNMENT-SURVEILLANCE-REFORM
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Mike Lee's office announcing the bipartisan Government Surveillance Reform Act with Ron Wyden and Zoe Lofgren.

Mike Lee Official Senate Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-LEE-SENATE-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official U.S. Senate biography page for Senator Mike Lee of Utah, including committee assignments and professional background.

Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015)

  • Source ID: SRC-LENZ-V-UNIVERSAL-CA9
  • Status: verified

Ninth Circuit opinion holding that copyright holders must consider fair use in good faith before sending DMCA takedown notifications under 17 U.S.C. § 512(c).

Lawrence Lessig Harvard Law School Faculty Page

  • Source ID: SRC-LESSIG-HARVARD
  • Status: verified

Official Harvard Law School faculty page for Lawrence Lessig.

Reps Lieu and Moran Introduce Bill to Require Kill Switch for AI Systems That Can Cause Catastrophic Harm

  • Source ID: SRC-LIEU-AI-KILL-SWITCH
  • Status: draft

Official House press release announcing the July 23, 2026 AI Kill Switch Act, which would require throttle/shutdown capability for powerful AI systems and authorize DHS to order slowdown or shutdown.

Meet Ted | Congressman Ted Lieu

  • Source ID: SRC-LIEU-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Ted Lieu covering California's 36th District, Democratic Caucus vice chair role, computer-science background, and co-chair service on the House Bipartisan Task Force on Artificial Intelligence.

Lofgren, Wyden, Paul Introduce Bipartisan Bicameral Aaron's Law

  • Source ID: SRC-LOFGREN-AARONS-LAW
  • Status: draft

Press release from Representative Zoe Lofgren's office announcing the introduction of bipartisan bicameral Aaron's Law to reform the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.

LWN.net — An Introduction to GNUnet (2005)

  • Source ID: SRC-LWN-GNUNET-INTRO-2005
  • Status: draft

2005 LWN.net technical article describing GNUnet's censorship-resistant sharing design, keyword-spam vulnerability, and namespace-based mitigation.

Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Dec. 29, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Federal wrongful-death complaint by the estate of Stein-Erik Soelberg alleging that ChatGPT validated paranoid delusions before a Greenwich murder-suicide.

Lyons v. OpenAI Foundation, Order Denying Motion to Dismiss or Stay (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-LYONS-V-OPENAI-MTD-2026
  • Status: draft

Northern District of California order denying OpenAI’s Colorado River motion to dismiss or stay Lyons in favor of the related Adams state-court action, and reciting the February 2026 California coordination of twelve ChatGPT product-liability cases.

Gary Marcus and Zack Korman — 5 lessons from the OpenAI / Hugging Face incident

  • Source ID: SRC-MARCUS-HF-LESSONS
  • Status: draft

August 28, 2026 commentary by Gary Marcus and Zack Korman on the OpenAI / Hugging Face incident, arguing that disabled guardrails, weak monitoring, and process failures made the breach preventable.

NYU Department of Psychology faculty list — Gary Marcus

  • Source ID: SRC-MARCUS-NYU
  • Status: draft

New York University Department of Psychology faculty listing identifying Gary Marcus as Professor Emeritus of Psychology and linking his personal site.

House Passes Massie Amendment to Strengthen Privacy and Security

  • Source ID: SRC-MASSIE-ENCRYPTION-AMENDMENT
  • Status: draft

Press release from Representative Thomas Massie's office describing a bipartisan amendment to block NIST cooperation with NSA efforts to weaken encryption standards.

Biography | Congresswoman Doris Matsui

  • Source ID: SRC-MATSUI-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Doris Matsui covering Sacramento-area representation since 2005, Energy and Commerce Communications and Technology ranking membership, and Clinton administration service.

Biography | Congressman Michael McCaul

  • Source ID: SRC-MCCAUL-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Michael McCaul covering Texas's 10th District, Homeland Security and Foreign Affairs chair service, and prior work as a federal prosecutor.

Corynne McSherry EFF Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-MCSHERRY-EFF-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official EFF biography page for Corynne McSherry documenting her role as Legal Director specializing in intellectual property and free speech.

Meduza — FSB Accuses Durov of Aiding Terrorism and Issues International Arrest Warrant

  • Source ID: SRC-MEDUZA-DUROV-FSB-2026
  • Status: draft

Meduza report, citing Interfax, that Russia's FSB charged Pavel Durov under Criminal Code Article 205.1 Part 1.1 and placed him on an international wanted list for alleged facilitation of terrorist activity via Telegram.

Heather Meeker About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-MEEKER-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official Heather Meeker about page documenting her open source licensing practice and background.

METR — Independent investigation of the OpenAI / Hugging Face hacking incident

  • Source ID: SRC-METR-HF-INVESTIGATION
  • Status: draft

METR and Redwood Research writeup of an on-premises independent investigation of agent behavior, reasoning, and collaboration during the July 2026 Hugging Face incident.

Eben Moglen Columbia Law School Faculty Page

  • Source ID: SRC-MOGLEN-COLUMBIA
  • Status: verified

Official Columbia Law School faculty page for Eben Moglen.

Eben Moglen Columbia Data Science Institute Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-MOGLEN-DSI
  • Status: verified

Columbia Data Science Institute profile of Eben Moglen describing his work with FSF and SFLC.

National Law Review, California Superior Court Consolidates Product Liability Actions Against OpenAI (May 20, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-NLR-CHATGPT-JCCP-2026
  • Status: draft

Secondary legal journalism describing In re ChatGPT Product Liability Cases, JCCP No. 5431, and situating it among Garcia and Joshi.

The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Order on Rule 12(c) Contributory Claims (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-12C-2026
  • Status: draft

Southern District of New York order dismissing with prejudice news plaintiffs’ material-contribution contributory copyright claims against OpenAI and Microsoft after Cox.

The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2023)

  • Source ID: SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Complaint alleging that Microsoft and OpenAI copied New York Times works to train large language models and that model outputs reproduced Times content.

The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corp., Opinion on Motions to Dismiss (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-NYT-V-OPENAI-MTD-2025
  • Status: draft

Southern District of New York opinion largely denying motions to dismiss publisher copyright claims against OpenAI and Microsoft while dismissing specified DMCA and hot-news claims.

The New York Times Company v. Perplexity AI, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:25-cv-10106)

  • Source ID: SRC-NYT-V-PERPLEXITY-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket for the New York Times copyright and trademark action against Perplexity AI, filed December 5, 2025.

About | Representative Jay Obernolte

  • Source ID: SRC-OBERNOLTE-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official House biography for Jay Obernolte covering California's 23rd District, UCLA M.S. in artificial intelligence, Energy and Commerce and Science committee roles, and House AI Task Force chair work.

OFAC FAQ 1076 — Prohibitions Resulting from Tornado Cash Designation

  • Source ID: SRC-OFAC-FAQ-1076
  • Status: draft

OFAC FAQ describing Tornado Cash designation history, SDN identifiers, and guidance on open-source code interactions.

  • Source ID: SRC-OFAC-TC-REMOVAL-20250321
  • Status: draft

OFAC recent-actions notice documenting removal of Tornado Cash SDN list entries on March 21, 2025.

Paul Ohm — Georgetown Law faculty profile

  • Source ID: SRC-OHM-GEORGETOWN
  • Status: draft

Official Georgetown Law faculty profile for Paul Ohm covering AI and the law, computer crime, privacy scholarship, and prior DOJ Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section service.

OpenAI — Hugging Face model-evaluation security incident (July 21, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-OPENAI-HF-INCIDENT-JULY-2026
  • Status: draft

OpenAI's July 21, 2026 disclosure attributing the Hugging Face intrusion to OpenAI models under internal cybersecurity evaluation, including GPT-5.6 Sol and a more capable pre-release model with reduced cyber refusals.

OpenAI — The Hugging Face incident and the road ahead (August 26, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-OPENAI-HF-ROAD-AHEAD
  • Status: draft

OpenAI's August 26, 2026 findings summary of the July 2026 Hugging Face incident, including Internal Model 1, ExploitGym evaluations, sandbox escape, and stated remediation.

Orin Kerr George Washington University Law Faculty Page

  • Source ID: SRC-ORIN-KERR-GWU
  • Status: verified

Official George Washington University Law School faculty page for Orin Kerr, a leading scholar of computer crime law and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.

Open Source Initiative About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-OSI-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page of the Open Source Initiative describing its mission and global scope.

Open Source Initiative History Page

  • Source ID: SRC-OSI-HISTORY
  • Status: verified

Official history page of the Open Source Initiative documenting its founding and development.

Oxford University Press — ‘Brain rot’ named Oxford Word of the Year 2024

  • Source ID: SRC-OXFORD-BRAIN-ROT-WOTY-2024
  • Status: draft

Official Oxford University Press announcement selecting “brain rot” as Oxford Word of the Year 2024 and publishing the press’s definition of the term.

Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017) (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-PACKINGHAM-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo United States Reports record for Packingham v. North Carolina.

Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017) (Justia)

  • Source ID: SRC-PACKINGHAM-JUSTIA
  • Status: verified

Justia reproduction of the Supreme Court opinion in Packingham v. North Carolina.

Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017) (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-PACKINGHAM-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute full text of Packingham v. North Carolina.

Fox News Op-Ed: Sen. Rand Paul — My FISA Reform Amendment Will Keep America Safe

  • Source ID: SRC-PAUL-FISA
  • Status: draft

Op-ed by Senator Rand Paul on Fox News describing his FISA reform amendment to protect encryption and Fourth Amendment rights.

Dr. Rand Paul Introduces Legislation to Restore and Protect Americans' Fourth Amendment Rights

  • Source ID: SRC-PAUL-FOURTH-AMENDMENT
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Rand Paul's office announcing legislation to restore and protect Fourth Amendment rights.

Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007)

  • Source ID: SRC-PERFECT10-V-CCBILL-JUSTIA
  • Status: verified

Ninth Circuit decision addressing DMCA § 512 safe harbor eligibility and red flag knowledge for online service providers.

Perkins Coie Technology Transactions & Privacy Law Practice Page

  • Source ID: SRC-PERKINS-COIE-TECH
  • Status: draft

Official Perkins Coie practice page describing the Technology Transactions & Privacy practice group.

Netherlands v. Pertsev, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (East Brabant District Court, May 14, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-PERTSEV-ECLI-2024
  • Status: draft

Dutch district court judgment convicting a Tornado Cash developer of money laundering and imposing a 64-month prison sentence.

Dutch Judiciary English News — Tornado Cash Developer Jail Sentence (May 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-PERTSEV-RECHTSPRAAK-EN-2024
  • Status: draft

English-language Rechtspraak.nl news page summarizing the East Brabant District Court conviction of Tornado Cash developer Alexey Pertsev.

Public Knowledge About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-PUBLIC-KNOWLEDGE-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official Public Knowledge about page describing its mission to promote freedom of expression, an open internet, and balanced copyright policy.

Public Knowledge Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-PUBLIC-KNOWLEDGE-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official Public Knowledge contact page with phone, fax, email, and Washington, D.C. office address.

Rafto Foundation — Agora / Pavel Chikov Prize Page

  • Source ID: SRC-RAFTO-AGORA-CHIKOV
  • Status: draft

Rafto Foundation prize page describing Agora as a Russian human rights organization of lawyers and identifying Pavel Chikov as chair.

Raine v. OpenAI, Inc., Complaint (Cal. Super. Ct. S.F. Cnty. Aug. 26, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-RAINE-V-OPENAI-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Wrongful-death and product-liability complaint alleging that ChatGPT’s GPT-4o design contributed to the April 11, 2025 suicide of 16-year-old Adam Raine.

Reporters Committee Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-RCFP-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press contact page with hotline, media, and general inquiry paths.

Reporters Committee What We Do Page

  • Source ID: SRC-RCFP-WHAT-WE-DO
  • Status: verified

Official Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press page describing pro bono legal services for journalists and First Amendment litigation.

David P. Reed Official Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-REED-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official biography for David P. Reed describing the end-to-end principle, Internet protocol work, and MIT affiliations.

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo United States Reports record for Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union.

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997)

  • Source ID: SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-JUSTIA
  • Status: verified

High-confidence public case page for the Supreme Court decision in Reno v. ACLU.

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997) (U.S. Reports PDF)

  • Source ID: SRC-RENO-V-ACLU-LOC
  • Status: verified

Library of Congress United States Reports PDF for Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, including the official syllabus.

RFC 1034: Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities

  • Source ID: SRC-RFC-1034
  • Status: verified

RFC Editor publication describing Domain Name System concepts and facilities.

RFC 8446: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3

  • Source ID: SRC-RFC-8446
  • Status: verified

RFC Editor publication specifying TLS 1.3.

RFC 9293: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

  • Source ID: SRC-RFC-9293
  • Status: verified

RFC Editor publication specifying the Transmission Control Protocol.

RFE/RL — Russian Court Orders Telegram App Blocked (2018)

  • Source ID: SRC-RFERL-TELEGRAM-BLOCK-2018
  • Status: draft

RFE/RL report on the April 2018 Moscow court order blocking Telegram over FSB encryption-key demands, identifying Pavel Chikov as a lawyer representing Telegram.

Ronald L. Rivest MIT CSAIL Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-RIVEST-CSAIL
  • Status: verified

Official MIT CSAIL profile for Ronald L. Rivest describing his role as Institute Professor and RSA co-inventor.

About Mike | U.S. Senator Mike Rounds

  • Source ID: SRC-ROUNDS-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Mike Rounds covering Senate swearing-in in 2015, South Dakota governorship, state senate service, and current committee assignments.

Stuart J. Russell — UC Berkeley EECS faculty page

  • Source ID: SRC-RUSSELL-BERKELEY
  • Status: draft

Official UC Berkeley Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences faculty page for Stuart J. Russell, covering appointments, the Center for Human-Compatible AI, and AI research and policy roles.

Andrew L. Russell Professional Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-RUSSELL-PROFILE
  • Status: verified

Andrew L. Russell's professional profile describing his role at SUNY Polytechnic Institute and scholarship on internet history and open standards.

S.2938 — Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act of 2025 (119th Congress)

  • Source ID: SRC-S2938-AI-RISK-EVALUATION
  • Status: draft

Congress.gov record for S.2938, the Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act of 2025, introduced by Sen. Josh Hawley with Sen. Richard Blumenthal on September 29, 2025.

S.4214 — Artificial Intelligence Data Center Moratorium Act (119th Congress)

  • Source ID: SRC-S4214-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM
  • Status: draft

Congress.gov record and introduced text for S.4214, the Artificial Intelligence Data Center Moratorium Act, introduced by Sen. Bernie Sanders on March 25, 2026.

NEWS Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez Announce AI Data Center Moratorium Act

  • Source ID: SRC-SANDERS-AI-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release announcing the Artificial Intelligence Data Center Moratorium Act, described as an immediate federal pause on AI data centers until national safeguards are in place.

NEWS Sanders, Casar to Introduce Legislation to Ban Artificial Superintelligence and Temporarily Pause Advanced AI Development

  • Source ID: SRC-SANDERS-BAN-ASI-ACT
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release announcing the Ban Artificial Superintelligence Act, described as a permanent ban on superintelligent AI plus a temporary pause on advanced AI development until a federal regulator exists.

About Bernie | U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders

  • Source ID: SRC-SANDERS-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Bernie Sanders covering education, Burlington mayoral service, House and Senate tenure, and current committee assignments.

Sanders Calls on Tech Giants to Pause Development of Out-of-Control AI

  • Source ID: SRC-SANDERS-PAUSE-LETTER-2026
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release and August 10, 2026 letter from Senator Bernie Sanders to the CEOs of Anthropic, Meta, and OpenAI urging an immediate pause in AI development.

Bruce Schneier About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-SCHNEIER-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page for Bruce Schneier describing his roles, board memberships, and work in security and privacy.

About Chuck | Senator Chuck Schumer of New York

  • Source ID: SRC-SCHUMER-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Chuck Schumer covering New York Senate service from 1998, Democratic leader role, and 2021–2025 majority leadership.

EFF Section 230 Page

  • Source ID: SRC-SECTION-230-EFF
  • Status: verified

EFF's comprehensive page on Section 230 including legislative history, court rulings, and current threats.

47 U.S.C. § 230 (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-SECTION-230-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for 47 U.S.C. § 230, the Section 230 intermediary liability protection.

Following Historic AI Insight Forums, Heinrich Colleagues Reveal Bipartisan Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Policy

  • Source ID: SRC-SENATE-AI-ROADMAP-2024
  • Status: draft

Official Senate press release (May 15, 2024) announcing the Bipartisan Senate AI Working Group's roadmap, naming Schumer, Young, Heinrich, and Rounds as the group and linking the policy PDF.

Software Freedom Conservancy About Page

  • Source ID: SRC-SFC-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official about page of Software Freedom Conservancy describing its mission and activities.

Applying to Join Conservancy as a Member Project

  • Source ID: SRC-SFC-APPLY
  • Status: verified

Official Software Freedom Conservancy page describing how FOSS projects apply for fiscal sponsorship membership.

Software Freedom Conservancy Home Page

  • Source ID: SRC-SFC-HOME
  • Status: verified

Official home page of Software Freedom Conservancy with mission statement.

Project Membership in Software Freedom Conservancy

  • Source ID: SRC-SFC-PROJECTS
  • Status: verified

Official Software Freedom Conservancy page describing member project services and membership overview.

Software Freedom Law Center Team Page

  • Source ID: SRC-SFLC-ABOUT
  • Status: verified

Official team page of the Software Freedom Law Center describing its staff and mission.

Software Freedom Law Center Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-SFLC-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official SFLC contact page describing how FOSS projects can request legal advice and other contact paths.

Signal Protocol Documentation

  • Source ID: SRC-SIGNAL-DOCS
  • Status: verified

Official Signal documentation page listing Signal Protocol specifications including X3DH, Double Ratchet, and related cryptographic protocols.

The Double Ratchet Algorithm

  • Source ID: SRC-SIGNAL-DOUBLE-RATCHET
  • Status: verified

Official Signal specification for the Double Ratchet algorithm used to derive new message keys in secure messaging sessions.

Signal Official Website

  • Source ID: SRC-SIGNAL-HOME
  • Status: verified

Official Signal website describing Signal's private messaging service, encryption, nonprofit status, and privacy positioning.

The X3DH Key Agreement Protocol

  • Source ID: SRC-SIGNAL-X3DH
  • Status: verified

Official Signal specification for the Extended Triple Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol used in secure messaging.

Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC v. Anthropic PBC, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-SONY-V-ANTHROPIC-COMPLAINT-2026
  • Status: draft

Music-publisher complaint alleging that Anthropic and two founders torrented, scraped, and used copyrighted lyrics and sheet music to train Claude, and that outputs reproduce those compositions.

Sony Music Entertainment v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-SONY-V-UDIO-2026-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Second Sony-affiliated complaint against Udio asserting 30,117 additional sound recordings after leave to expand the 2024 action was denied.

Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, Complaint (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Complaint seeking a declaration that AI-generated “brainrot” meme characters used in the Roblox game Steal a Brainrot are not protected by copyright.

Spyder Games LLC v. Mementum Lab, CourtListener docket (N.D. Cal. No. 5:25-cv-10248)

  • Source ID: SRC-SPYDER-V-MEMENTUM-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket record for the Steal a Brainrot copyright and trademark dispute in the Northern District of California.

Mitch Stoltz EFF Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-STOLTZ-EFF-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official EFF biography page for Mitch Stoltz documenting his role as Senior Staff Attorney focusing on intellectual property and open source.

TechCrunch — DOJ Accuses American of Wiping Phone with Duress Password (July 24, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-TECHCRUNCH-TUNICK-DURESS-2026
  • Status: draft

TechCrunch secondary report stating Tunick’s attorneys confirmed GrapheneOS was running on the phone and describing the prosecution under a property-destruction-to-prevent-seizure statute.

TechSpot — Prosecutors Charge Atlanta Man After GrapheneOS Phone Wipe (2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-TECHSPOT-TUNICK-GRAPHENEOS-2026
  • Status: draft

TechSpot secondary report on United States v. Tunick, covering the alleged GrapheneOS-related phone wipe during an Atlanta airport CBP search, suppression-hearing testimony, and expert commentary on prosecuting wipe features under 18 U.S.C. § 2232(a).

Telegram FAQ

  • Source ID: SRC-TELEGRAM-FAQ
  • Status: draft

Official Telegram FAQ describing the messaging service and stating that the development team is based in Dubai.

Telegram Press Info

  • Source ID: SRC-TELEGRAM-PRESS
  • Status: draft

Official Telegram press page describing the messaging service, Dubai base, and Pavel Durov's role as founder, owner, and CEO.

Thaler v. Perlmutter, 130 F.4th 1039 (D.C. Cir. 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-THALER-V-PERLMUTTER-CADC
  • Status: draft

D.C. Circuit opinion affirming refusal to register a copyright in an image listed as authored solely by a generative-AI system.

Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH v. Ross Intelligence Inc., No. 1:20-cv-613-SB (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-THOMSON-REUTERS-V-ROSS-2025
  • Status: draft

District of Delaware memorandum opinion rejecting Ross Intelligence’s fair-use defense for using Westlaw headnotes to train a competing non-generative legal-research AI.

Lee Tien EFF Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-TIEN-EFF
  • Status: verified

Official EFF staff profile for Lee Tien, Legislative Director and Adams Chair for Internet Rights.

Tech Justice Law Project update on ChatGPT JCCP No. 5431 (Feb. 3, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-TJLP-JCCP-5431-2026
  • Status: draft

Counsel update stating that California coordinated multiple GPT-4o product-liability actions as ChatGPT Product Liability Cases, JCCP No. 5431, in San Francisco Superior Court.

Helen Toner — Center for Security and Emerging Technology staff profile

  • Source ID: SRC-TONER-CSET
  • Status: draft

Official CSET staff profile for Helen Toner, Executive Director at Georgetown's Center for Security and Emerging Technology, covering AI policy work and congressional testimony.

Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router

  • Source ID: SRC-TOR-DESIGN-PAPER
  • Status: verified

Canonical Tor design paper by Dingledine, Mathewson, and Syverson describing the second-generation onion routing network.

Tor Project Contact Page

  • Source ID: SRC-TOR-PROJECT-CONTACT
  • Status: verified

Official Tor Project contact page with support, community, security issue, organization, donor, and mailing contact paths.

Tor Project History Page

  • Source ID: SRC-TOR-PROJECT-HISTORY
  • Status: verified

Official Tor Project history page describing onion routing origins and the organization's nonprofit development.

MIT Technology Review — Ian Clarke Innovator Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-TR-IAN-CLARKE
  • Status: draft

MIT Technology Review innovator profile on Ian Clarke describing Freenet's anonymous peer-to-peer design and quoting his view that freedom of communication conflicts with copyright enforcement.

Treasury Issues First Sanctions on a Virtual Currency Mixer — Blender.io (May 6, 2022)

  • Source ID: SRC-TREASURY-BLENDER-2022
  • Status: draft

Treasury press release announcing OFAC’s May 6, 2022 designation of Blender.io as the first sanctioned virtual currency mixer.

Treasury Designates Roman Semenov, Co-Founder of Tornado Cash (Aug. 23, 2023)

  • Source ID: SRC-TREASURY-SEMENOV-2023
  • Status: draft

Treasury press release announcing OFAC designation of Roman Semenov and describing coordinated DOJ charges against Semenov and Roman Storm.

U.S. Treasury Sanctions Notorious Virtual Currency Mixer Tornado Cash (Aug. 8, 2022)

  • Source ID: SRC-TREASURY-TC-AUG-2022
  • Status: draft

Treasury press release announcing OFAC’s August 8, 2022 designation of Tornado Cash under E.O. 13694.

Tornado Cash Delisting (Mar. 21, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-TREASURY-TC-DELIST-2025
  • Status: draft

Treasury press release announcing discretionary removal of economic sanctions against Tornado Cash on March 21, 2025.

Treasury Designates DPRK Weapons Representatives; Tornado Cash Redesignation (Nov. 8, 2022)

  • Source ID: SRC-TREASURY-TC-NOV-2022
  • Status: draft

Treasury press release announcing OFAC’s November 8, 2022 delisting and simultaneous redesignation of Tornado Cash under E.O. 13722 and E.O. 13694.

United States v. Tunick — Indictment (N.D. Ga. Nov. 13, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-TUNICK-INDICTMENT-2025
  • Status: draft

RECAP copy of the one-count criminal indictment charging Samuel Tunick under 18 U.S.C. § 2232(a) for allegedly deleting digital contents of a Google Pixel phone.

United States v. Tunick — Motion to Suppress (Mar. 17, 2026)

  • Source ID: SRC-TUNICK-MOTION-SUPPRESS-2026
  • Status: draft

Defense motion to suppress statements and evidence in United States v. Tunick, alleging Miranda, counsel, and Fourth Amendment violations during a CBP secondary inspection at Atlanta airport.

Texas SB 2420 — App Store Accountability Act (Enrolled Text)

  • Source ID: SRC-TX-SB-2420-ENROLLED
  • Status: draft

Official enrolled text of Texas Senate Bill 2420, the App Store Accountability Act, adding Business & Commerce Code Chapter 121 with age verification, parental consent, and developer age-rating duties, effective January 1, 2026.

Texas Tribune — Supreme Court Lets Texas App Age Verification Law Stay in Effect

  • Source ID: SRC-TX-TRIBUNE-SB2420-SCOTUS-2026
  • Status: draft

Texas Tribune report that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to intervene against enforcement of Texas SB 2420 after the Fifth Circuit stayed a district-court injunction.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Answer of Defendant Suno (D. Mass. Aug. 1, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-ANSWER
  • Status: draft

Suno’s answer admitting that its model was built from tens of millions of recordings and asserting fair use, copyright misuse, and other defenses.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Complaint (D. Mass. June 24, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Major-label complaint alleging that Suno copied copyrighted sound recordings to train a generative music service and seeking damages and injunctive relief.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Suno, Inc., Warner plaintiffs’ stipulation of dismissal (D. Mass. Dec. 9, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-UMG-V-SUNO-WARNER-DISMISSAL
  • Status: draft

Rule 41 stipulation dismissing Warner-affiliated plaintiffs’ claims against Suno with prejudice while leaving UMG and Sony claims unaffected.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., Complaint (S.D.N.Y. June 24, 2024)

  • Source ID: SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-COMPLAINT
  • Status: draft

Major-label complaint alleging that Uncharted Labs (Udio) copied copyrighted sound recordings to train a generative music service.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Uncharted Labs, Inc., CourtListener docket (S.D.N.Y. No. 1:24-cv-04777)

  • Source ID: SRC-UMG-V-UDIO-DOCKET
  • Status: draft

CourtListener docket for the original major-label copyright action against Udio, including later stipulations dismissing UMG and Warner claims.

U.S. Constitution First Amendment (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-US-CONST-AMEND-I-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

U.S. Constitution Fourth Amendment (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-US-CONST-AMEND-IV-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

17 U.S.C. § 107 (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-17-107-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo U.S. Code page for 17 U.S.C. section 107, the fair use limitation on exclusive copyright rights.

17 U.S.C. § 107

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-17-107-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for 17 U.S.C. section 107, the U.S. fair use statute.

17 U.S.C. § 512 (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-17-512-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo U.S. Code page for 17 U.S.C. section 512, the DMCA online service provider safe harbor provision.

17 U.S.C. § 512

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-17-512-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for 17 U.S.C. section 512, the copyright safe harbor statute.

18 U.S.C. § 1030 (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-18-1030-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo U.S. Code page for 18 U.S.C. section 1030, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act provision.

18 U.S.C. § 1030

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-18-1030-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for 18 U.S.C. section 1030, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act provision.

18 U.S.C. § 2232 (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-USC-18-2232-LII
  • Status: draft

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for 18 U.S.C. § 2232, destruction or removal of property to prevent seizure.

  • Source ID: SRC-USCO-AI-COPYRIGHTABILITY-REPORT-2025
  • Status: draft

Copyright Office report concluding that existing U.S. law can resolve AI copyrightability questions and that purely AI-generated material is not copyrightable.

  • Source ID: SRC-USCO-AI-REGISTRATION-GUIDANCE-2023
  • Status: draft

U.S. Copyright Office statement of policy on examining and registering works that contain AI-generated material, effective March 16, 2023.

Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021) (GovInfo)

  • Source ID: SRC-VAN-BUREN-GOVINFO
  • Status: verified

Official GovInfo United States Reports record for Van Buren v. United States.

Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. 374 (2021) (Cornell LII)

  • Source ID: SRC-VAN-BUREN-LII
  • Status: verified

Cornell Legal Information Institute page for the Supreme Court decision interpreting the CFAA phrase exceeds authorized access.

Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury, No. 23-50669 (5th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024) (Justia)

  • Source ID: SRC-VAN-LOON-5TH-CIR-JUSTIA
  • Status: draft

Justia reproduction of the Fifth Circuit opinion holding that Tornado Cash immutable smart contracts are not IEEPA property.

Paul Vixie Internet Hall of Fame Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-VIXIE-IHOF
  • Status: verified

Internet Hall of Fame inductee profile for Paul Vixie describing his DNS protocol work and BIND development.

Kit Walsh EFF Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-WALSH-EFF-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official EFF biography page for Kit Walsh documenting her role as Senior Staff Attorney working on free speech and coders' rights.

Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C., Order Granting Summary Judgment (Ga. Super. Ct. Gwinnett Cnty. May 19, 2025)

  • Source ID: SRC-WALTERS-V-OPENAI-SJ-2025
  • Status: draft

Gwinnett County Superior Court order granting OpenAI summary judgment on a ChatGPT hallucination defamation claim.

Lauren Weinstein Biography Page

  • Source ID: SRC-WEINSTEIN-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official biography page for Lauren Weinstein describing his work on ARPANET, PFIR, NNSquad, and the PRIVACY Forum.

Network Neutrality Squad Announcement

  • Source ID: SRC-WEINSTEIN-NNSQUAD
  • Status: verified

Lauren Weinstein's announcement of the Network Neutrality Squad (NNSquad) as an open-membership effort to keep the internet fair and unhindered.

Nathan Freed Wessler ACLU Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-WESSLER-ACLU
  • Status: verified

Official ACLU biography for Nathan Freed Wessler, deputy director of the Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project.

Aaron Williamson Williamson Legal Team Page

  • Source ID: SRC-WILLIAMSON-LEGAL
  • Status: verified

Official Williamson Legal team page for principal attorney Aaron Williamson.

Wilson Sonsini Internet Strategy and Litigation Practice Page

  • Source ID: SRC-WILSON-SONSINI-INTERNET
  • Status: draft

Official Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati practice page describing the Internet Strategy and Litigation group.

Wilson Sonsini Software Industry Practice Page

  • Source ID: SRC-WILSON-SONSINI-SOFTWARE
  • Status: draft

Official Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati practice page describing the firm's software industry representation.

Ben Wizner ACLU Staff Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-WIZNER-ACLU
  • Status: verified

Official ACLU biography for Ben Wizner, Deputy Legal Director and Director of the Center for Democracy.

Wyden Introduces Reforms to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

  • Source ID: SRC-WYDEN-AARONS-LAW
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Ron Wyden's office announcing the introduction of Aaron's Law to reform the CFAA.

Wyden on Reintroduction of the EARN IT Act: Political Attacks on Encryption Will Make Children Less Safe

  • Source ID: SRC-WYDEN-EARN-IT
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Ron Wyden's office opposing the EARN IT Act and warning that it would undermine strong encryption.

Wyden, Paul and Bipartisan Senators Reintroduce the Fourth Amendment is Not for Sale Act

  • Source ID: SRC-WYDEN-FOURTH-AMENDMENT-NOT-FOR-SALE
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Ron Wyden's office announcing the reintroduction of the Fourth Amendment Is Not For Sale Act with Senator Rand Paul and bipartisan co-sponsors.

Wyden and Paul Release Joint Amendments, Call For Votes On Proposals to Expand Surveillance Reforms

  • Source ID: SRC-WYDEN-PAUL-SURVEILLANCE-AMENDMENTS
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Ron Wyden's office describing joint surveillance reform amendments with Senator Rand Paul, including a prohibition on requiring companies to weaken encryption.

Wyden Remarks at Section 230 Briefing Hosted by EFF

  • Source ID: SRC-WYDEN-SECTION-230
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Ron Wyden's office regarding his remarks at an EFF-hosted briefing on Section 230.

Bipartisan Coalition Introduces USA RIGHTS Act to Reform Secretive Warrantless Spy Program

  • Source ID: SRC-WYDEN-USA-RIGHTS-ACT
  • Status: draft

Press release from Senator Ron Wyden's office announcing the introduction of the USA RIGHTS Act to reform Section 702 surveillance with civil liberties protections.

About Todd | Senator Young

  • Source ID: SRC-YOUNG-BIO
  • Status: draft

Official Senate biography for Todd Young covering Marine Corps service, House and Senate tenure from 2017, CHIPS and Science Act authorship, and current committee assignments including Commerce.

Phil Zimmermann Official Biography

  • Source ID: SRC-ZIMMERMANN-BIO
  • Status: verified

Official biography page for Phil Zimmermann describing PGP creation, export investigation, and cryptography awards.

Phil Zimmermann — PGP Investigation Closed (Jan. 1996 Declination Text)

  • Source ID: SRC-ZIMMERMANN-DECLINATION-1996
  • Status: draft

Zimmermann site publication of the U.S. Attorney declination closing the PGP export investigation without prosecution.

EPIC Alert — Charges Dropped Against Phil Zimmermann

  • Source ID: SRC-ZIMMERMANN-INVESTIGATION-CLOSED
  • Status: verified

EPIC Alert reporting that federal prosecutors closed the criminal investigation into Phil Zimmermann without filing charges over PGP distribution.

Jonathan L. Zittrain Harvard Law School Faculty Profile

  • Source ID: SRC-ZITTRAIN-HLS
  • Status: verified

Harvard Law School faculty profile for Jonathan Zittrain describing his appointments in law, public policy, and computer science.